8085

Microprocessor

The 8085A is a NMOS chip with 40 pin package and it is a 8 bit microprocessor.

Features of 8085

The Intel microprocessor 8085 is an 8 bit microprocessor. 8085 chip is available in a 40 pin plastic ceramic (DIP) package. Address bus is 16 bit that means it can address 64K bytes. The instruction set of 8085 consists of 74 instructions.

8085 Pin Diagram

All the signals can be classified into six groups. 1. Address bus

2. Data bus
3. Control and status signals 4. Power supply & frequency signals 5. Externally initiated signals 6. Serial I/O ports

Functional description of 8085 pins

ADDRESS BUS The 8085 has eight signal lines A15-A8, which are unidirectional and used as the high order address bus. Most significant bits of address are transmitted on address bus A8-A15 .

ADDRESS BUS / DATA BUS

8085 has address/data multiplexed bus pins AD0 AD7 . The signal lines AD0 AD7 are bidirectional , they serve a dual purpose. They are used as the lower order address bus as well as the data bus. In executing an instruction ,during the earlier part of the cycle these lines are used as lower order address bus. During the later part of the cycle, these lines are used as the data bus.

CONTROL AND STATUS SPECIAL SIGNALS

ALE (Address Latch Enable):- This is a positive going pulse generated every time the 8085 begins an operation. This indicates that the bits on AD7- AD0 are address bits. This signal used to separate the address bits. If Signal of pin ALE is high then the bits on AD0-AD7 are address bits else they are data bits.

CONTROL SIGNALS

RD :- This is Read control signal. This is active low signal . This signal indicates that selected I/O or memory device is to be read & data are available on data bus. WR :- This is write control signal. This is active low signal . This signal indicates that data on data bus are to be written into selected I/O or memory location.

STATUS SIGNALS

IO/M :- This is a status signal used to differentiate between I/O and memory operations. When it is high , it indicates an I/O operation, when it is low it indicates a memory operation. This signal is combined with RD & WR to generate I/O and memory control signal.

STATUS SIGNALS

S1 and S0 :- These status signals similar to IO/M can identify various operations, but they are rarely used in small systems.

STATUS SIGNALS

POWER SUPPLY AND CLOCK FREQUENCY.

VCC :- +5v power supply . Vss :- Ground Refernce. X1, X2 :- A crystal is connected at these two pins. The frequency is internally divided by two , therefore to operate a system at 3 MHz ,the crystal should have a frequency of 6 MHz. CLK (OUT) :- Clock Output . This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.

Externally Initiated signals

The 8085 has five interrupt signals. INTR, RST 7.5, RST 7.5, RST 5.5 , TRAP INTR (Input) :- This is interrupt request signal. This is a general purpose interrupt. RST 7.5, RST 7.5, RST 5.5 (Input) :- These are restart interrupts. These are vectored interrupts that transfers the program control to specific memory locations. They have higher priorities than INTR. TRAP (Input) :- This is nonmaskable interrupt and has highest priorities. INTA (Output):- This is interrupt acknowledge. The microprocessor acknowledge an interrupt request by this signal.

Externally Initiated signals

Ready (Input):- This signal is used to delay the microprocessor Read or Write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. When this signal goes low , the microprocessor waits for an integral number of clock cycles until it goes high. HOLD (Input) :- This signal indicates that a peripheral like DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller is requesting the use of the address and data bus. HLDA (Output) :- Hold acknowledge. This signal acknowledge the HOLD request. RESET IN :- When the signal on this pin goes low the program counter is set to zero, the buses are tristated and MPU is reset. RESET OUT :- This signal indicates that MPU is being reset. This signal can be used to reset other devices.

Serial I/O Ports

SID (Serial Input data) :- A single bit can be serially inputted through SID. SOD (Serial Output data) :- It is a data line for serial output.

Interrupt

An interrupt is a subroutine called, initiated by external device through (hardware interrupt) microprocessor itself (software interrupt). An interrupt can also be viewed as a signal, which suspends the normal sequence of microprocessor and then microprocessor gives service . to that device which has given the signal. After completing the service,. microprocessor again returns to the main program. Microprocessor is connected to different peripheral devices. To communicate with these devices, microprocessor 8085 uses interrupt method. An interrupt is an input signal, which transfers control to specific routine known as Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). After executing ISR, control is again transfer to main program

Interrupt

Types of interrupts

(i) Software interrupt (ii) Hardware interrupt The software interrupts has more priority than any hardware interrupt. Software interrupts are not requested by external peripheral devices. All software interrupts are non-maskable. Some hardware interrupts are maskable.

Maskable Interrupt

These interrupts can be masked or made pending. A maskable interrupt can not disable any non maskable interrupt. It is used to interface with peripheral devices. It has lower priority than non maskable interrupt. Response time for maskable interrupts is high.

Non maskable Interrupt

These interrupts can not be maskable or cannot made pending. Non maskable interrupt disables all maskable interrupts. It has higher priority than maskable interrupts. Response time for non maskable interrupt is low.