NERVUS SISTEM

FUNGSI Input Sensori memonitor stimulus yang muncul dari dalam dan luar tubuh. Integrasi interpretasi input sensori. Motor Output merespon stimulus dengan mengaktivasi organ efektor.

KLASIFIKASI NERVUS SISTEM

SISTEM SARAF PUSAT (SSP) Otak & Medulla spinalis. Integrasi & Pusat perintah. SISTEM SARAF TEPI (SST) Nervus kranialis & Nervus spinalis. Membawa pesan dari dan menuju otak & medulla spinalis

SUSUNAN SARAF TEPI

AFEREN (SENSORI) Transmisi impuls dari reseptor SSP. Serabut aferen somatik membawa impuls dari kulit, otot skelet & sendi. Serabut aferen viseral membawa impuls dari organ viseral. EFEREN (MOTORIK) Transmisi impuls dari SSP Organ efektor Sistem saraf somatik menyediakan kontrol kesadaran dari otot skelet. Sistem saraf otonom meregulasi otot polos, otot jantung & kelenjar.

SENSORI
General somatic senses reseptornya tersebar luas :
Raba Nyeri Vibrasi Tekanan Temperature

Proprioceptive senses deteksi regangan di otot & tendon

Rasa tubuh posisi dan pergerakan tubuh di luar angkasa

Special somatic senses

Pendengaran Keseimbangan Penglihatan Penciuman

Visceral sensory
General visceral senses regangan, nyeri, temperature, mual& lapar
Tersebar di traktus digestivus and urinarius & organ reproduksi

Special visceral senses - taste

MOTORIK
General somatic motor memberi sinyal kontraksi pada otot skelet Dalam kontrol kesadaran Sering disebut voluntary nervous system Visceral motor Meregulasi kontraksi otot polos & jantung Merupakan sistem saraf otonom Mengontrol fungsi organ viseral Sering disebut involuntary nervous system Autonomic nervous system

SUSUNAN SARAF PUSAT

OTAK MEDULLA SPINALIS

JARINGAN SARAF
2 Tipe sel utama sistem saraf : Neuron sel eksitasi mentransmisi sinyal elektrik. Neuroglia supporting cells

KLASIFIKASI NEURON
Functional:
Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward the CNS Motor (efferent) carry impulses away from the CNS Interneurons (association neurons) shuttle signals through CNS pathways

NEUROGLIA

PROTEKSI SSP
Rambut, kulit, tengkorak Meninges Cairan serebrospinal Blood brain barrier

LAPISAN MENINGS
Bantalan otak dan melindungi jaringan saraf yang lembut

CAIRAN SEREBROSPINAL
Shock absorbing medium Provides a optimum and stable environment for generating nerve impulses Provides a medium for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and nervous tissue Formed by selective transport across ependymal cells Volume 125-150 ml and is replaced > 3 times/day, flow maintained by 10 mmHg pressure gradient Path: ventricles subarachnoid space, reabsorbed into blood in dural sinuses through arachnoid villi

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Extensive capillaries & sinuses Tight junctions promoted by astrocyte Limits permeability for most molecules except O2, CO2, alcohol, steroids, H2O Protects brain: hormones & circulating chemicals
Protects CNS from chemical fluctuations Prevents entry of harmful substances Prevents entry of molecules that could act as neurotransmitters

Brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart Brain responsible for about half of bodys glucose consumption Membrane transporters move glucose from plasma into the brain interstitial fluid

KLASIFIKASI OTAK
Trillion interneurons fill the brain Up to 200,000 synapses each Levels of complexity
Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Brain stem

Brain component Cerebral cortex

Basal nuclei (lateral to thalamus)

Cerebral cortex

Basal nuclei Thalamus (medial)

Thalamus

Hypothalamus Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Midbrain Brain stem Pons Medulla Spinal cord

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)

Brain component Brain component Cerebral cortex

MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1. Sensory perception 2. Voluntary control of movement 3. Language 4. Personality traits 5. Sophisticated mental events, such as thinking memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness 1. Inhibition of muscle tone 2. Coordination of slow, sustained movements 3. Suppression of useless patterns of movements 1. Relay station for all synaptic input 2. Crude awareness of sensation 3. Some degree of consciousness 4. Role in motor control 1. Regulation of many homeostatic functions, such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake 2. Important link between nervous and endocrine systems 3. Extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns 1. Maintenance of balance 2. Enhancement of muscle tone 3. Coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity 1. Origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves 2. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control centers 3. Regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture 4. Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord; arousal and activation of cerebral cortex 5. Role in sleep-wake cycle

Basal nuclei

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)

BRAIN OVERVIEW

CEREBRUM
Highly developed Makes up about 80% of total brain weight (largest portion of brain) Inner core houses basal nuclei Outer surface is highly convoluted cerebral cortex
Highest, most complex integrating area of the brain Plays key role in most sophisticated neural functions

CEREBRAL CORTEX
Three specializations
Sensory areas - sensory input translated into perception Motor areas - direct skeletal muscle movement Association areas - integrate information from sensory and motor areas, can direct voluntary behaviors

Each half of cortex divided into four major lobes

Occipital lobe - carries out initial processing of visual input Temporal lobe - initial reception of sound sensation, taste, smell Parietal lobe - somatosensory processing Frontal lobe responsible for
Voluntary motor activity Speaking ability Elaboration of thought

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Located in the postcentral gyrus, this area:
Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles Exhibits spatial discrimination

Somatosensory homunculus caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each sensory function

Primary Motor Cortex

Located in the precentral gyrus Composed of pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements Motor homunculus caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each motor function

Language
Primary areas of cortical specialization for language - Brocas area governs speaking ability - Wernickes area * Concerned with language comprehension * Responsible for formulating coherent patterns of speech

Basal Nuclei
Act by modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways Primary functions
Regulates muscle tone throughout the body Selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement Helping monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions, especially those related to posture and support Controls large automatic movement

Thalamus
Final relay point for ascending sensory information Coordinates the activities of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei Domain-specific information processing

Hypothalamus
Receives indirect sensory inputs from all sensory systems Sends neural outputs to various motor control nuclei Sends neural outputs to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Sends both neural and hormonal outputs to pituitary

Hypothalamus
Controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious level Controls autonomic function Coordinates activities of the endocrine and nervous systems Secretes hormones Produces emotions and behavioral drives Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions Regulates body temperature Coordinates circadian cycles of activity 4Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproductive behavior

Limbic System
Cingulated gyrus Coordinates sensory input with emotions Emotional responses to pain Basic, inborn behavioral patterns related to survival and perpetuation of the species Regulates aggressive behavior Hippocampus - sends memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary, Plays important role in motivation and learning Amygdala - involved in emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and memory,

Cerebellum
Basic functions: coordination, balance, motor learning, etc. Vestibulocerebellum balance and control of eye movement Spinocerebellum enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movement important in synchronization and timing
Receives input concerning desired action from motor cortex Receives feedback concerning actual action from proprioceptors, vestibular apparatus, eyes Compares inputs and sends adjustments or corrective signals to motor tracts

Cerebrocerebellum planning and initiation of voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas also involved in procedural memories

Brain Stem: Midbrain, Pons & MO

An important link between spinal cord and higher brain levels, relays motor and sensory impulses between other higher parts of the brain and spinal cord Midbrain eye movement control Pons/Medulla
Signal relay Involuntary functions

Many cranial nerves enter Pyramids nerve tracts crossover

Cranial Nerves

Pons
Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves Nuclei that help control respiration Nuclei and tracts linking the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord

Medulla oblongata
Contains relay stations and reflex centers
Cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers Cardiovascular center - regulates rate and force of heartbeat and vasoconstriction/dilation Respiratory center - regulates basic breathing rhythm

Reticular formation begins in the medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brainstem

Spinal Cord Regions

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

Spinal Cord Organization

Gray matter: mostly cell bodies
Dendrites & terminals Spinal reflex integrating center

White matter
Bundles of myelinated axons
Ascending tracts sensory Descending tracts motor

Dorsal roots Ventral roots

Spinal Cord Organization

Spinal Cord: Integrating Center

Neural Reflexes: Overview

Stimulus Sensory receptor Sensory (afferent) neuron CNS integration Efferent (motor) neuron Effector (target tissue) Response (movement) Feedback to CNS

Neural Reflex

Patellar Tendon Reflex: Stretch & Reciprocal Inhibition

Cross Extensor Reflex/Withdrawal Reflex