Net Forces, Friction, Coefficients of Friction

Newtons 3rd Law

Sliding Book Example

Why do things not continue to move at constant velocity?

Friction

If the sliding book slows down, whats

the force responsible?

Friction

How could I keep it moving at a constant

velocity?

A net force of zero

2 No, Inertia keeps the object moving!

Do I need to apply a force to keep it moving? Why?

Forces are Vectors so Directions are Important

Total Force

Force #2

Force #1

Force #1 Total Force = 0 Force #2

Newtons 3rd Law

For every action , there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Force on Newton by Einstein = Force on Einstein by Newton Newton tries to outsmart Einstein by loading his own cart with lead bricks)
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Friction opposes Motion

Acceleration
Force on box by person Force on person by box

Force on floor by box

Force on box by floor

What kind of motion is created by Unbalanced Net Force? Its the sum of all the forces that determines the type of motion. 5

Friction due to the Surface

How does the corrugated surface change Friction?

Corrugations in the surfaces grind when things slide. 6 Lubricants fill in the gaps and let things slide more easily.

Why Doesnt Gravity Make the Box Fall?

Force of Floor acting on Box

Force from floor on box and gravity = Net Force of zero.

If the floor vanished, the box would begin to fall.
Force of Earth acting on Box (weight)
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Whats Forces are not shown?

Force on box by person

Force on person by box

Force on floor by box

Force on box by floor

The Normal Force and the Force of Gravity

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 When we drew the box and floor, with the normal force and the force of gravity, these werent strictly force pairs
forces on the box that result in a Net zero acceleration of the box

The real pairs have to involve the earth:

box floor

Force Pairs: earth-box (grav) box-floor (contact) earth-satellite (grav)

earth

satellite

Questions
Does friction always exert a force that tends to bring things to a halt? What does this say about the direction of the frictional force, relative to the velocity vector?
NO Friction vector is opposite in direction of motion

What do you think would happen if we loaded lead bricks into the box? Yes Would it become harder to slide? What are some ways to reduce frictional forces?

Lubrication, change surface,

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reduce normal force

Static and Sliding (Dynamic) Friction

Static frictional force: when nothing is sliding Sliding frictional force: when surfaces are sliding Static frictional forces always greater than sliding ones

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Earth Quakes and Friction

(USGS)

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Reaction Force From Ramp

Normal Forces and Normal means Frictional Forces perpendicular

Normal Force Friction Force
Decompose Vector

Weight of block

Weight of block

Friction Force = Normal Force (coefficient of friction) Ffriction = Fnormal

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Coefficient of Friction
Material on Material

s = static friction
0.6 0.1 0.022 0.4 0.9 0.8

k = kinetic friction
0.4 0.05 0.02 0.3 0.8 0.7
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steel / steel add grease to steel metal / ice brake lining / iron tire / dry pavement tire / wet pavement

Stay on the road!

What does it take to stay on the road around a curve?
using s = 0.8 as average for tires on road, Ffriction = 0.8mg
(Normal force is just mg on level surface) where r is radius of curve, say 50 m (e.g., cloverleaf exit ramp)

Fcurve = macurve = mv2/r

Got enough friction if Fcurve < Ffriction

happens if v2 < 0.8gr, or v < 20 m/s = 44 m.p.h.

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Air Resistance
Were always neglecting air resistance in physics Affects projectile motion
Can be difficult to deal with Friction force opposes velocity through medium Imposes horizontal force, additional vertical forces Terminal velocity for falling objects
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Dominant energy drain on cars, bicyclists, planes

Summary
Every force has an equal, opposing force Friction opposes motion, requiring continued application of force to maintain constant velocity Air resistance produces terminal velocity, alters trajectories of projectiles (for the worse).

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