Neurological effects of the THC in human presentation of data, graphs, analysis of result.

Acknowledgement:
Ben Arellano Jessa Caumeran Christianne Surbilla MAGTA

Introduction

THC, is short for tetrahydrocannabinol, is a chemical compound found in the cannabis plant, also known as marijuana. When used, either through ingestion or inhalation, THC binds to specific receptors in the brain. Called cannabinoid receptors. In low doses, THC causes some pain reduction, may reduce aggression, can stimulate appetite, and help reduce nausea. Higher doses my cause the high associated with marijuana, leading to altered perception of time and space, feelings of happiness, or feelings of fatigue. Marijuana impinges on the central nervous system by attaching to brains neurons and interfering with normal communication between neutrons. These nerves respond by short-term memory, cannabinoids receptors make them do the opposite. So if one has to remember what he did five minutes ago, after smoking a high dose marijuana, he has trouble. Marijuana plant contains 400 chemicals and 60 of them are cannabinoids, which are phycho-active compounds that are produced inside the body after cannabis is metabolized or is extorted from the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids is an active ingredient of marijuana. The most psychoactive cannabinoids chemical in marijuana that has the biggest impact on the brain is tetrahydrocannibol, or THC. THC is the main active ingredient in marijuana because it affects the brain by binding to and activating specific receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors. These receptors control memory, thought, concentration, time and depth, and coordinated movement. THC also affects production, release or re-uptake (a regulating mechanism) of various neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messenger molecules that carry signals between neurons. Some of these effects are personality disturbances, depression and chronic anxiety. Psychiatrist who treat schizophrenic patient advice them to not use this drug because marijuana can trigger sever mental disturbances and can cause a relapse. When ones memory is affected by high dose of marijuana, short -term memory is the first to be triggered. Marijuanas damage to short-term memory occurs because THC alters the way in which information is processed by the hippocampus, a brain area responsible for memory formation. One region of the brain that contains a lot of THC receptors is the hippocampus, which process memory. Hippocampus is the part of the brain that is important for memory, learning, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivation. It also converts information into short-term memory. Because it is a way in which sensory information is interpreted. When THC attaches to receptors in the hippocampus, its weakness the short-term memory, and damages the nerves cells by dose of marijuana, new information does not register into their brain and this may be lose from memory and they are not able to retrieve new information for more than a few minutes. There is also a decrease in the activity of nerve cells.

Rationale

Generally brains is the important part of the body for every individual. It plays Key role to concentrate on things, pay attention, remember the things, store the Information and so on. There are many nerves, which help in daily function of the brain. Using marijuana cause the many adverse effects on the brain and body. It causes many Health problems like increase in rate of anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia and More. It also causes mental illness like early exposure to stress or violence, if a person Use the marijuana in the long run. Memory power, level of intellectual and concentration Power will be reduced by using marijuana. Users will become lazy and become Incapable of remembering the things and persons. One can use the THC drug test to detect the marijuana drug presence in system. THC drug testing will help the people to find out drug abusers. Parents can confirm their Children drug use and they can take prevention for them. Employers can use this test to Know who is using drug in workplace. In this way marijuana drug use effects on the Human brain. It also affects the different organs of the body.

Importance of the study: The importance of studying this is for us to:

Analyze existing scientific evident bearing on the possible hazards to the health and safety of users of marijuana; Analyze data concerning the possible therapeutic value and health benefits of marijuana; Assess federal research programs in marijuana; Identify promising new research directions, and make suggestions to improve the quality and usefulness of future research; Draw conclusions from the review that would accurately assess the limits of present knowledge and thereby provide a factual, scientific basis for the development of future government policy.

Supportive literature: More proof!

These data are from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights 2007: National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services (Office of Applied Studies, DASIS Series: S-45, DHHS Publication No. SMA 09-4360, Rockville, MD, 2008), funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The latest data are available at 800-7296686 or online at www.samhsa.gov. NSDUH (formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is an annual survey of Ameircans aged 12 and older conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm.

Neurological effects of the THC in human presentation of data, graphs, analysis of results

THC is a highly lipophilic compund that is rapidly absorbed and distributed to highly vascularized tissues, including the brain, where it causes its pleasureable effects. Smoking is the preferred route of cannabis use, with high bioavailability of the THC content that is not lost by combustion or vaporization. In humans, plasma THC concentration profiles are similar after smoking or intravenous administration, with prompt onset and steady decline. In contrast, slow absorption and limited and variable bioavailability are observed after oral administration. An increasing number of novel therapeutic agents are targeted at cannabinoid receptors. Drug development programms of new cannabinoid drugs may be facilitated by the identification of useful biomarkers. This systematic literature review aims to assess the usefulness of direct biomarkers for the effects of cannabis and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in healthy volunteers. One hundred and sixty-five useful articles were found that investigated the acute effects of cannabis or THC on the central nervous system (CNS) and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Three hundred and eighteen tests (or test variants) were grouped in test clusters and functional domains, to allow their evaluation as a useful biomarker and to study their dose-response effects. Cannabis/THC affected a wide range of CNS domains showed indications of depression at lower and stimulation at higher doses. Subjective effects and heart rate are currently the most reliable biomarkers to study the effect of cannabis. Cannabis affects most CNS domains, but too many different CNS tests are used to quantify the drug-response relationships reliably. Test standardization, particularly in motor and memory domains, may reveal additional biomarkers. The neural basisfor these distinct effects of -9-THC and CBD may have opposing effects on brain cannabinoid (CB1) receptors (Pertwee, 2008). Although the effects of -9-THC are thought to be mediated by a partial agonism at the central CB1 receptors (Pertwee, 2008), the precise molecular mechanism of action of CBD is unclear and may involve a wide variety of mechanisms (Mechoulam et al, 2007). In the absence of this information, examination of the downstream effects of CBD in the brain in terms of neural activation and behavior provides another mode of unravelling its effects. To date, functional neuroimaging studies at 9-THC and CBD in man having examined the effects of each compound separately, but have not compared them with each other directly (Borgwardt et al, 2008; Phan et al, 2008; Bhattacharyya et al, 2009; Fusar-Poli et al, 2009). In this case study, we

Conclusion

The above six conclusions as rewritten after careful study of the poster: 1) Once cage-raised, chair-restrained squirrel monkeys are habituated to self-administering intravenous cocaine as a "drug of entry", they tend to self-administer intravenous THC under similar conditions. Any extension of this conclusion to nonprimates, or other primates, including humans, cannot be made by this study. 2) No conclusion as to the abuse potential of THC in squirrel monkeys or any other species can be drawn from this limited study. However, the finding that higher doses of THC reduce the self-administration rate in these monkeys indicats that there is a self-limiting "ceiling" to the self-administration of THC in this species. 3) SR141716A blocks the self-administration of THC in squirrel monkeys previously habituated to cocaine self-administration. Where and how this action takes place cannot be drawn from this study. 4) Intravenous THC self-administration by squirrel monkeys habituated to cocaine seems to occur only at a dosage range similar to the dosage range of respiratory self-administration of THC-containing smoke in humans. 5) The present limited findings of selfadministration behavior with marijuana's psychoactive ingredient, THC, may prove to be valuable concerning public debate on the legalization of smoked marijuana as a medication. But these findings should not be unduly extended or even be found to be reliable until verified in independent laboratory experiments. 6) This methodology may provide an opportunity to study neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying marijuana selfadministration by cage-raised monkeys and to screen drugs possessing therapeutic efficacy similar to or better than marijuana or THC but lacking the potential for self-administration by these monkeys.