SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

DYAH PURNANING

MEDICAL FACULTY MATARAM UNIVERSITY

CARDIOVASCULAR EMBRYOLOGY
LO :

HEART DEVELOPMENT
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CARDIOGENIC FIELD FORMATION AND POSITION OF THE HEART TUBE FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC LOOP MOLECULAR REGULATION OF CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE SINUS VENOSUS FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC SEPTA SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE COMMON ATRIUM SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS AND CONUS CORDIS SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE VENTRICLES FORMATION OF THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART

VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT
ARTERIAL SYSTEM VENOUS SYSTEM

CIRCULATION BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH

HEART DEVELOPMENT

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CARDIOGENIC FIELD

The vascular system appears in the middle of the third week, when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional requirements by diffusion alone. The first indication of any cardiovascular development occurs on approximately day 18 or 19

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CARDIOGENIC FIELD, cont

At around day 18-19, clusters of angiogenetic cells migrate from both sides of the embryo medially towards the area of the oropharyngeal membrane to form a horse-shoe shaped plexus of vessels. However, as the embryonic folding progresses, it causes the developing cardiogenic area (cardiogenic field).

Endothelial/ cardiac tube

Hr 18

Hr 20

FORMATION AND POSITION OF THE HEART TUBE

Lateral folding of the germ disc will cause the two endothelial cardiac tubes to approximate each other in the midline, and eventually fuse together to form a single endothelial cardiac tube. While the excessive growth of the neural tube causes the developing heart to acquire a more ventral position.

FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC LOOP

The heart starts to beat on day 22 The heart tube continues to elongate and bend on day 23. The circulation does not start until days 2729 This bending, which may be due to cell shape changes, creates the cardiac loop and it is complete by day 28.

PRIMITIVE HEART TUBE

Let`s see - the ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CARDIOGENIC FIELD - the FORMATION AND POSITION OF THE HEART TUBE - the FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC LOOP EARLY HEART DEVELOPMENT.mov EARLY HEART DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW.mov

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SINUS VENOSUS

In the middle of the fourth week, the sinus venosus receives venous blood from the right and left sinus horns

Each horn receives blood from three important veins: (a) the vitelline or omphalomesenteric vein (b) the umbilical vein (c) the common cardinal vein.

The entrance of the sinus shifts to the right. With obliteration of the left umbilical vein and the left vitelline vein during the fifth week, the left sinus horn rapidly loses its importance

When the left common cardinal vein is obliterated at 10 weeks, all that remains of the left sinus horn is the oblique vein of the left atrium and the coronary sinus

FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC SEPTA

The major septa of the heart are formed between the 27th and 37th days of development, when the embryo grows in length from 5 mm to approximately 16 to 17 mm.

One method by which a septum may be formed involves two actively growing masses of tissue that approach each other until they fuse, dividing the lumen into two separate canals
The masses, known as endocardial cushions,

FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC SEPTA

endocardial cushions develops in the atrioventricular and conotruncal regions.

In these locations they assist in formation of the atrial and ventricular (membranous portion) septa, the atrioventricular canals and valves, and the aortic and pulmonary channels.

Let`s see
FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC SEPTA
- SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE COMMON ATRIUM - SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL - SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS AND CONUS CORDIS - SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE VENTRICLE

INTERATRIAL SEPTUM DEVELOPMENT.mov ATRIOVENTRICULER CANAL.mov AORTA PULMONARY TRUNK AND INTERVENTRICULER SEPTUM.mov

CLINICAL CORRELATES
Endocardial Cushions and Heart Defects Because of their key location, abnormalities in endocardial cushion formation contribute to many cardiac malformations, including atrial and ventricular septal defects and defects involving the great vessels (i.e., transposition of the great vessels and tetralogy of Fallot)

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

After the atrioventricular endocardial cushions fuse, each atrioventricular orifice is surrounded by local proliferations of mesenchymal tissue (Fig. 11.18A). When the bloodstream hollows out and thins tissue on the ventricular surface of these proliferations, valves form and remain attached to the ventricular wall by muscular cords (Fig. 11.18B).

FORMATION OF THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART

Initially the pacemaker for the heart lies in the caudal part of the left cardiac tube. Later the sinus venosus assumes this function, and as the sinus is incorporated into the right atrium, pacemaker tissue lies near the opening of the superior vena cava. Thus, the sinuatrial node is formed. The atrioventricular node and bundle (bundle of His) are derived from two sources: (a) cells in the left wall of the sinus venosus (b) cells from the atrioventricular canal. Once the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium, these cells lie in their final position at the base of the interatrial septum.

VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
aortic arches, arise from the aortic sac, the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus. The aortic sac contributes a branch to each new arch as it forms, giving rise to a total of five pairs of arteries. the five arches are numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI [Fig. 11.34].), some becomes modified, and some vessels regress completely.

Hr 27

Hr 29

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
By day 27, most of the first aortic arch has disappeared (Fig. 11.34), although a small portion persists to form the maxillary artery. second aortic arch soon disappears. The remaining portions of this arch are the hyoid and stapedial arteries. The third arch is large; the fourth and sixth arches are in the process of formation. Even though the sixth arch is not completed, the primitive pulmonary artery is already present as a major branch (Fig. 11.34A). In a 29-day embryo, the first and second aortic arches have disappeared (Fig. 11.34B). The third, fourth, and sixth arches are large. The truncoaortic sac has divided so that the sixth arches are now continuous with the pulmonary trunk.

ARTERIAL SYSTEM

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
The third aortic arch forms the common carotid artery and the first part of the internal carotid artery. The remainder of the internal carotid is formed by the cranial portion of the dorsal aorta. The external carotid artery is a sprout of the third aortic arch. The fourth aortic arch persists on both sides. On the left it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. On the right it forms the most proximal segment of the right subclavian artery, the distal part of which is formed by a portion of the right dorsal aorta and the seventh intersegmental artery (Fig. 11.35B).

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
The fifth aortic arch either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses. The sixth aortic arch, also known as the pulmonary arch, gives off an important branch that grows toward the developing lung bud

Lebih lengkap cek di http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/cva nim/aarch/aarch.html (animasi pembentukan sistem arteri)

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries The vitelline arteries In the adult they are represented by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries. The umbilical arteries, After birth the proximal portions persist as the internal iliac and superior vesical arteries, and the distal parts are obliterated to form the medial umbilical ligaments.

ARTERIAL SYSTEM DEFECTS

A patent ductus arteriosus, one of the most frequently occurring abnormalities of the great vessels (8/10,000 births), especially in premature infants, either may be an isolated abnormality or may accompany other heart defects
coarctation of the aorta (Fig. 11.37, A and B), which occurs in 3.2/10,000 births, the aortic lumen below the origin of the left subclavian artery is significantly narrowed.two types, preductal and postductal. The cause of aortic narrowing is primarily an abnormality in the media of the aorta, followed by intima proliferations. Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery

ARTERIAL SYSTEM DEFECTS

Co A

Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery

VENOUS SYSTEM
In the fifthweek, three pairs of major veins can be distinguished: (a) the vitelline veins, or omphalomesenteric veins, carrying blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus (b) the umbilical veins, originating in the chorionic villi and carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo After birth the left umbilical vein obliterated and form the ligamentum teres hepatis (c) the cardinal veins, draining the body of the embryo proper (Fig. 11.41).

VENOUS SYSTEM DEFECTS

Cek prenatal and postnatal circulation di http://www.indiana.edu/~anat5 50/cvanim/fetcirc/fetcirc.html

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system begins its development later than the cardiovascular system, not appearing until the fifth week of gestation. The origin of lymphatic vessels is not clear, but they may form from mesenchyme in situ or may arise as saclike outgrowths from the endothelium of veins

Cek lebih lengkapnya di http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/cvanim/ http://www.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/chd/contents/index.html (Yale atlas of CHD) http://pediatriccardiology.uchicago.edu/MP/embryology/embryology .html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cardiovascular/animations.html

TERIMAKASIH