Analisis Pergantian

Analisis Pergantian
Analisis ini berkaitan dengan fasilitas yang tersedia sekarang (sudah ada). Dengan menggunakan analisis ini ditentukan apakah fasilitas yang ada saat ini tetap dipakai atau diganti dengan yang baru.

Istilah dalam analisis pergantian : Defender adalah perlengkapan yang sudah ada. Challenger adalah perlengkapan pengganti yang terbaik.

Perbandingan DefenderChallenger

Contoh 1 : Suatu kalkulator SK-30 dibeli dua tahun lalu $1600 berdepresiasi straight line dengan umur pakai 4 tahun dan nilai sisa 0. Karena adanya inovasi, nilainya turun dari $1600 menjadi $995. Suatu perusahaan peralatan kantor menawarkan tukar tambah dengan EL-40 seharga $1200 dan SK-30 dihargai $350. Harga EL-40 sebenarnya $1050 dan harga pasar dari SK-30 sekitar $200. Berapa harga yang cocok buat SK-30 ?

Perbandingan Defender-Challenger(2)

Dari contoh tersebut, diketahui ada lima nilai untuk SK-30, yaitu : Nilai awal : Kalkulator dibeli $1600 Nilai sekarang : Kalkulator itu sekarang dijual $995 Nilai buku : $1600 2/4(1600 0) = $800 Nilai tukar-tambah : $350 Nilai pasar : $200 Dalam menentukan nilai suatu peralatan, yang relevan adalah nilai pasar, yaitu sebesar $200 karena nilai tersebut menyatakan berapa nilai sebenarnya dari peralatan tersebut kalau dijual. Nilai tukar tambah sepertinya nilai yang cocok tetapi kita membeli peralatan baru dengan harga yang lebih mahal daripada harga aslinya.

Umur sisa defender

Umur sisa defender menentukan seberapa lama suatu peralatan dapat dipakai dengan biaya perawatan dan perbaikan yang paling minimum (ekonomis), yang ditentukan oleh : Umur ekonomis =umur dimana nilai EUAC minimum Contoh 2 : Suatu perlengkapan berumur 11 tahun dapat dijual sekarang $2000 dan nilai sisa ini sama untuk beberapa tahun ke depan. Biaya perawatan sekarang $500 per tahun dan akan meningkat $100 per tahun selama tahun berikutnya. Jika peralatan ini tetap digunakan. Tentukan umur ekonomis dengan tingkat bunga 10%.

Umur sisa defender(2)

Perhitungan EUAC adalah sbb : Tahun Umur peraEUAC nilai n latan(tahun) sisa = Si

EUAC biaya Total perawatan =500 EUAC +100(A/G,10%,n) 1 11 $ 200 $ 500 $ 700 2 12 200 548 748 3 13 200 594 794 4 14 200 638 838 5 15 200 681 881 Dari perhitungan dapat diketahui bahwa umur ekonomis alat tersebut adalah 1 tahun sehingga alat tersebut sebaiknya diganti setelah 1 tahun.

Umur Ekonomis Challenger

Contoh 3 : Suatu mesin seharga $10000, tidak memiliki nilai sisa. Biaya perawatan dan perbaikan tahun pertama ditanggung perusahaan. Pada tahun kedua dan seterusnya biaya ini naik secara gradien sebesar $600. Jika tingkat bunga 8%, berapa umur ekonomisnya (yang menghasilakan EUAC minimum) ?

Umur Ekonomis Challenger(2)

Jika tidak digunakan lagi pada akhir tahun-n Tahun EUAC nilai beli EUAC biaya perawatan Total n $10000(A/P,8%,n) $600(A/G,8%,n) EUAC 1 $ 10800 $ 0 $10800 2 5608 289 5897 3 3880 569 4449 4 3019 842 3861 5 2505 1108 3613 6 2163 1366 3529 7 1921 1616 3537 8 1601 1859 3599 EUAC minimum jika mesin dipakai 6 tahun.

Replacement Analysis Techniques

1.

Defender Remaining Life Equals Challenger Useful Life Example 4: Determine whether the SK-30 desk calculator of example 1 should be replaced by the EL-40 electronic calculator. In addition to the data given in example 1, the following estimates have been made : The SK-30 maintenance and service contract cost $80 a year. The EL-40 will require no maintenance Useful life of either calculator is five years. There is no salvage value for SK-30, but the EL-40 probably could be sold for $250 at the end of that time. The EL-40 electronic calculator has benefit which expected to save about $120 a year because its faster and easier to use the SK-30.

Replacement Analysis Techniques(2)

EUAC for SK-30 : Present market value = $200 Future salvage value = 0 Annual maintenance = $80/year EUAC = (200-0)(A/P,10%,5) + 80 = $132,76 EUAC for EL-40 : Cash price = $1050 Future salvage value = $250 Annual benefit of greater usefulness = $120/year EUAC = (1050-250)(A/P,10%,5) 120 = $116,04 EL-40 calculator has the smaller EUAC and therefore is the preferred alternative in this before-tax analysis

Replacement Analysis Techniques(3)

2.

Defender Remaining Life Different from Challenger Useful Life There are two alternatives in equipments replacement : 1. Replace the defender now 2. Retain the defender for the present Example 5 : A $4000 overhaul must be done now if the equipment is to be retained in service. Maintenance is estimated at $1800in each of the next two years, after which it is expected to increase on a $1000 arithmetic gradient. The defender has no present or future salvage value. The equipment described in example 3 is the challenger. Make a replacement analysis to determine whether to retain the defender or replace it by the challenger if 8% interest is used.

Replacement Analysis Techniques(4)

Year n 1 2 3 4 5 If retired at end of Year n EUAC of EUAC of overhaul Maintenance $4000(A/P,8%,n) $1800+$1000 gradient from Year 3 on $ 4320 $ 1800 2243 1800 1552 1800 + 308 1208 1800 + 683 1002 1800 +1079

Total EUAC
$ 6120 4043 3660 3691 3881

Since the EUAC of the challenger ($3529) is less than the EUAC of the defender ($3660), the challenger should be installed now to replace the defender

Replacement Analysis Techniques(5)

3.

A Closer Look at the Challenger If the future challengers will be better than the present challenger, what impact will this have on an analysis now? Example 6 : If on the example 5, we give the available alternatives listed below:
A. B.

C.
D. E. F.

Keep the defender Replace the defender with the present challenger Keep the defender for a year then replace it with a better chall. Keep the defender for 2 years then replace it with a better chall. Keep the defender for 3 years then replace it with a better chall. Keep the defender for 4 years then replace it with a better chall.

Which is the best alternative?

Replacement Analysis Techniques(6)

Solution : EUAC for all alternatives :

A : From ex. 5, the minimum EUAC is $3660 B : From ex. 3, the minimum EUAC is $3529 C : EUAC = [6120(P/A,8%,1)+3429(P/A,8%,6)(P/F,8%,1)](A/P,8%,7) = $3909 D : EUAC = [4043(P/A,8%,2)+3329(P/A,8%,6)(P/F,8%,2)](A/P,8%,8) = $3550 E : EUAC = [3660(P/A,8%,3)+3229(P/A,8%,6)(P/F,8%,3)](A/P,8%,9) = $3407 F : EUAC = [3691(P/A,8%,4)+312 9(P/A,8%,6)(P/F,8%,4)](A/P,8%,10) = $3406

Replacement Analysis Techniques(7)

From the analysis above, the least cost alternative calls for keeping the defender for now. Our decision will to be retain the defender and to restudy the situation next year. In ex. 5, future challenger were assumed to be the same as the present challenger. As a result, the decision was to select the present challenger rather than the defender But in ex. 6, we assumed that future challenger would be an improvement over the present challenger. This time the decision was to retain the defender. The contradictory decision in two examples illustrates that while the present challenger is preferred over the defender, a still more attractive alternative is to delay the replacement to obtain a better future challenger.