ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL SUBMITTED BY: Rewa Marathe Pallavi Chitnis

Need for acoustical treatments goes back to Greek, since when they started using amphitheatres. Back in those days these were achieved using brass vessels filled with water or other methods of similar kind. Now we have come a far way from those water filled brass vessels. Today we use latest technology and material to achieve desired acoustical effect. They are used for treating rooms with special audibility requirements like auditoriums, movie theatres, amphitheatres, seminar halls, conference rooms, recording rooms, etc.

Classification

of acoustical materials:

Sound absorbent Sound reflecting

Various kinds of materials are available in market. They are listed below: ACOUSTICAL PLASTER ACOUSTICAL TILES COMPRESSED WOOD PARTICAL BOARD MINERAL WOOL STRAW BOARD PERFORATED PLYWOOD FIBRE BOARD WOOD WOOL BOARD FIBRE GLASS CORK BOARD/TILES ROCK WOOL AND GLASS WOOL GYPSUM BOARDS THERMOCOL AND CORK CARPETS AND CURTAINS

ACOUSTICAL EFFICIENCY It most important factor and is expressed as absorption coefficient of any material.. MAINTENANCE After insulation, maintenance plays a very important role. Material selected should have clean and presentable appearance, capable of being washed and renovated if required. VERMIN AND ROT PROOF- Acoustical Material are applied to serve for long period and therefore they must be free from these defects. RESISTANCE TO PHYSICAL IMPACT- they should posses adequate abrasive strength snd should not be affected by physical contact. RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE- they should have sufficient resistance to mositure, but they should not be used in damp conditions.

HEAT INSULATION- MATERIAL CHOICE CAN CUT DOWN AIRCONDITIONING AND WINTER HEATING TO QUITE AN EXTENT.WHILE SELECTION OF A MATERIAL IT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHETHER IT IS TO BE APPLIED ON CEILINGS OR WALLS. INCOMBUSTIBILITY -ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL SHOULD BE RESISTANT TO FIRE . FLAME RETARDANTS SHOULD BE RENDERED IN THE MATERIAL WHILE ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS,TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL HEAT INSULATION PROPERTY TO THE MATERIAL WEIGHT-LIGHT ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL ARE MORE SAFE TO USE,AS IT ADHERSE PROPERLY TO THE SURFACE TO BE TREATED AND CAN ALSO SUSPEND EASILY. AESTHETIC APPEARANCE- THOUGH THIS PROPERTY IS NOT REALLY VERY IMPORTANT,BUT IT IS PREFERRED IF GOOD FINISHED SURFACE IS ACHIEVED, WITH ITS ACTUAL PURPOSE OF INSTALLATION

 SOFT MATERIALS- MATERIALS HAVING SUFFICIENT POROSITY AND GOOD

ABSORBING POWER; LIKE HAIR FELT,ASBESTOS ,ROCK WOOL,GLASS

SILK,ETC.FALL UNDER THIS CATEGORY.

SEMI-HARD MATERIALS -MATERIALS ABLE TO WITHSTAND ROUGH

HANDLING LIKE CANE FIBRE,MINERAL WOOL BOARDS AND TILES FALL UNDER THIS CATEGORY.ACOUSTICAL PLASTERS ARE SEMI HARD MATERIALS, WHICH CAN BE APPLIED LIKE ORDINARY PLASTER,THOUGH REQUIRE SKILLED LABOURS FOR ITS APPLICATION.
HARD MATERIALS- HARD POROUS MATERIALS,MADE POROUS DURING

THEIR PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING ,LIKE PRFORATED PANELS ,POROUS TILES,ETC.FALL UNDER THIS CATEGORY.

ACOUSTICAL PLASTERS AND SPRAYED ON MATERIALS. PREFABRICATED BOARDS OR TILES. COMPOSITE OR ASSEMBELED UNITS.

Correct techniques and proper job conditions should followed for application No installation should be done when the building is recessively cold, damp, hot or dry. All plastering concrete and terrazzo work including grinding should be completed and then made dry. All doors and windows should be in place ad glazed. Poured or precast concrete and gypsum or similar roof decks should be thoroughly dry. Form oil should be removed before application. All the precautions should be discussed with the acoustical.

Suspended ceilings are used for many purposes including acoustical treatments in form of tiles and sheets. Suspended acoustical ceilings serve to provide sound absorption and the most useful surface in a room. They help in reducing reverberant sound intensity within a room. Sound absorbing ceilings available in the market today. Human activity in offices and large publics paces generates noise resulting in reduced work efficiency. Acoustical (sound absorbing) ceiling systems help in reducing build-up of reverberant noise because of their excellent sound absorbing properties. This leads to a better Working environment and reduced annoyance due to high noise levels. In selecting a suspended ceiling ,the designer needs to weigh the and performance requirements.

Ceilings systems are available in gypsum, coated steel and coated aluminum. They available in a variety of designs including lineal ceilings, I-in or lay-in tile and plank ceilings and C-grid (band raster) ceilings. Metal ceiling as remanufacture in d aluminum and steel with coil coated powder coated finishes. All metal ceilings are available in a perforated version for sound absorption, and are designed to integrate the standard lighting fixtures air diffusers and partitions .

Sound absorption The sound absorbing efficiency of material is designated by its sound Absorption coefficient (a). This is usually measure and reported in octave bands over the frequency range of 1254000Hz, together with the Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC), which is the average of the sound absorption coefficient 250,500,1000and 2000Hz. This enables calculation of noise reduction or reverberation time. The increasing use of hard finishes and stone/tile finishes in offices requires the use of highly sound absorbent ceilings. offer NRC values of 0.75 up to 1.05 for different ceiling types.

Traditionally, whenever sound absorption is required, perforated metal ceiling panels are backed with a sound absorbing layer of mineral wool or fiber glass. The use of a fibrous sound absorbing medium always has other draw back is. These include the difficulty in working with the fibrous materials because of skin irritation and the problem of fibers letting loose in to the air stream in an air-conditioned environment. This ceiling range comprises perforated panels with an acoustic non woven factory applied to the rear of the panels. Due to the controlled sound impedance of this perforated panel, and with a backing air space (ceiling plenum)the, provides excellent sound absorption properties without the use of any fibrous material behind the perforated panel.

SOUNDTRANSMISSION LOSS Sound transmission loss is a measurement of sound insulation between one room and an other. One manufacture provide sound Transmission loss values for ceiling tiles.This information is of doubtful utility because ceiling tiles are supported on grids and Have penetration through them to accommodal tieght fittings and air conditioning diffusers The overall sound transmission loss of such a composite ceiling will be 10-20dB lower than the transmission loss of the ceiling panel ort ile alone.When designing for soundi nsulation between rooms, the partitionseparating the rooms is of major concern. To prevent flanking sound transmission through the suspended ceiling,it is important that partitions do notStop at the ceiling,but are extendedRight upto the roofslab above. sound insulationBetween adjacentspaces.

Acoustic Wedges: To achieve free-field conditions within an acoustic test environment for the measurement of radiated sound power and directivity, the testing area must be free from reverberation, feedback and resonance throughout the audible frequency spectrum. Adhesive Baffles: Baffles are used for most any interior space in need of quality acoustical control.

Barriers/Composites/Foam Viscoelastic-damping Compound, a high-performance viscoelastic-damping compound, decreases the sound traveing to adjacent rooms. Ceiling Tiles pinta's ceiling tiles add texture, style and color to any interior while solving a wide array of acoustical issues

 Ceiling

Tile Noise Barrier Composite

Ceiling Tile Noise Barrier Composite improves the transmission loss ability of existing acoustic ceiling tiles. Ceiling Grid System System is offered in colors that complement the Hypalon coating or natural finish ceiling tiles as well as our metal ceiling tiles.

 Noise

Control Curtains

curtain products to produce an effective and economical method of noise reduction for a wide variety of industrial applications. Wall Panels pinta offers a variety of wall panels to meet all your acoustic challenges. Pipe Lagging PROSPEC Pipe Lagging combines non-reinforced barrier with a thick foam decoupler to reduce the noise created by vibrating pipes.

 Building

bye laws by MP CINEMA ACT, 1972

construction:
No cinema shall be constructed underneath or on top of any other building. No open space shall be allowed under the floor of auditorium. Where the first tier or balcony extends over any part of auditorium and such tier or balcony shall not be less than 10 feet.

Height of tiers:

Entrance and exit:

Cinema shall have a road frontage on the public thoroughfare upon which the site of such cinema abuts, and in such frontage there shall be suitable means of entrance and exits for public . In addition entrances and exits shall be reserved for service in case of emergency opening on two separate and distinct passages shall not be less than 5 feet width. Two separate exits not opening on the same thoroughfare of public passage shall be provided from stage and from auditorium floor. Each of such exits shall not be less than 5 which between the leaves of the door when open.

 Seating

No part of auditorium shall provide accommodation exclusive of passage, as a higher scale than 20 persons per100 square feet. All seats in the hall shall be firmly secured to the floor.

Gangways

A clear passage or gangway shall be formed at the sides and down the centre of the seating in every part of the auditorium in such a manner that no seat shall be ten or more feet distant from a passage.

Doors:
All doors for the use of public shall be at least 46 wide with the clear. All doors shall open outwards to lie finish with the outside of the wall.

Width of corridor

No staircase, landing lobby, corridor or passage, not being an internal passage, not an internal passage between rows of seats, intended for use as exit shall be less than five feet wide and there shall be no recesses or projection in the wall.
Treads should not be less than 11 inches wide and with risers of not more than 6 inches high. No staircase shall have more than two flight of 15 steps without a turn. The area of the window, door and ventilator opening shall not be less than one fifth of the total floor area.

Staircase:

Ventilation :

Planning:
The following conditions must be taken care of while planning a theatre: 1. Every member of the audience should have an unobstructed view of the entire picture without visual, physical, and picture distortion. 2. Resolution and luminance of the picture must be satisfactory. 3. The auditorium should be suitable for sound reproduction and should be distortion and coloration free. 4. There should be a reasonable balance between screen size , viewing condition, seating condition and circulation requirement.

 The

size and the position of the screen must relate to the size and shape of the auditorium. The max. distance of seating from screen is recommended as five times the width of the screen.

It shall be three times for the screen of 35mm projection. It shall be 2.5 times for the screen of 70 mm projection. The overall length of the rear seating should be 3 times width of the screen, 2 times for 35 mm projection and 2.5 to 3 times for 70 mm projection. The first row of seats should notbe closer to the screen. The angle formed with the horizontal by a line from the top of the projected picture to eye of the viewer in the front row seat, should not exceed 35o preferably 30o. The distance of screen from the first row shall be 2/3 of the screen width. The width of seat pattern should vary from 1 times the widest projected picture at the row to 1.3 times at the row farthest from the screen.

The volume provided in the hall is such that each person is provided a space for about 3.75 times to 4.5 cum per person. Ration of H: W: l is 1:2:3 for approximate 800- 1000. The size depend upon the total seating capacity, shape of auditorium depend upon the acoustical requirement.

 The

rear wall may be straight or curved The rear wall does not folow the line of curvature of the last seating row The difference in shape of auditorium thus lies in pattern of side wall. They may be rectangular, parabolic and diverging for part or full, surated and splayed. Usually concave divergence is emploeyd near the stage with straight and rectangular sides towards rear.

 The

ceiling of auditorium for cinema is not normally provided as a flat horizontal surface, as this type of ceiling causes uneven distribution of sound and creates flutter and echoes. The ceilings are applicable for upto 400 people. Splayed ceiling with splays rising towards rear reinforces sound for the rear seats. Ceilings are principally sound distribution surface and need no sound absorbing material if properly designed.

The generally acceptable noise level inside the auditorium from point of view of comfort , economy and other practical consideration shall be 30 to 40 db. The recommended Rt is .35 to .55 seconds for 1500cum. Acoustical conditions:
This depend on auditorium shape acoustical absorption characteristics of surface and reverberation resulting from them. Rectangular rooms with parallel floors and ceiling surfaces specially if long and narrow give worst results. The ideal is fan shaped auditorium which is also ideal for viewing conditions.

Decay conditions:
The characteristics of decay curvature of cinema should be such that with reflected sound waves is attenuated by not less than 15 db by comparison by direct sound. For cinema theatre reflected sound path should not exceed the direct path more than 15m.

A multiplex with four Audis. It has a capacity of 250 people in each audi. Acoustical treatment has been done using tapestry, micron wadding, gypboards, fibrecrete, and woodwool panels. Treatment has been provided between the wall which is common between two Audis to avoid passage of sound from one Audi to the other. This has been done by providing cavity wall filled up with micron wadding an alternative of glass wool. The floor has been covered with black acoustical carpet.

 Sound

source is situated is situated behind the screen in form of three LCR speakers. The first 3-4m of the side recieves max. intensity of sound and thus is heavily treated for absorption. The rest is divided into three equal parts and treated for reducing sound intensity in direction from screen towards the rear. The ceiling is treated Gyp boards.