Module 8 Transformers

Engr. Gerard Ang School of EECE

Transformers
Transformer. It is electromagnetic static device which by electromagnetic induction transfers electric energy from one or more circuits at the same frequency, usually with change in values of voltage and current.

Construction of a Transformer The main parts of a transformer are the following: Iron core which is laminated to reduce eddy current Two winding coils, the primary and secondary windings

Principle of Operation
When the primary coil is connected to the ac supply, current flows and an alternating flux is set up in the core. This flux links with the secondary coil and an emf is induced in the coil by electromagnetic induction.

Classification of Transformers
1. According to the core used a. Core-type b. Shell-type c. Berry type 2. According to the purpose for which it is used a. Transmission transformer b. Distribution transformer c. Generator transformer d. Testing transformer e. Instrument transformer f. Current transformer g. Potential transformer

Classification of Transformers
3. According to the method of cooling a. Oil-filled self-cooled b. Oil-filled water-cooled c. Air-blast type

4. According to specific applications a. Rectifier transformer b. Regulating transformer c. Welding transformer d. Traction transformer e. Furnace transformer

EMF Equation of a Transformer

Magnetic core I1 Magnetic Flux (m) I2 E1 E2

V1

V2

Primary Coil (N1)

Secondary Coil (N2)

= . = . = . = .

EMF Equation of a Transformer

Where: E1 = primary induced emf E2 = secondary induced emf V1 = primary applied emf V2 = secondary terminal emf N1 = number of turns of primary coil N2 = number of turns of secondary coil Bm = maximum magnetic flux density in Tesla m = maximum flux in the core in Webers A = cross-sectional area of the magnetic core f = frequency of ac input in Hz I1 = primary current I2 = secondary current

Ideal (Lossless) Transformer

= = =

Transformation Ratio (a)

The transformation ratio of a transformer is derived as:

= = =
Note: If N1 < N2 (a < 1), then transformer is called step-up transformer If N1 > N2 (a > 1), then transformer is called step-down transformer

Sample Problems
1. The maximum flux density in the core of 250/3000-volts, 50-Hz singlephase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the emf per turn is 1.8 volts, determine (a) primary and secondary turns (b) area of the core. The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V. 50-Hz, 1-ph, core-type transformer has a cross-section of 20 cm x 20 cm. Find (a) the number of h.v. and l.v. turns per phase and (b) the emf per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9. What will happen if its primary voltage is increased by 10% on noload? A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the secondary emf and the maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

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