Biological Basis of Behavior

Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves

The Bodys Communication Networks

The Nervous System

Electro-chemical communication

The Endocrine System

Hormonal (chemical) communication

Nervous System Divisions

Spinal Brain Cord Central

Nervous System Peripheral Somatic/ Autonomic Skeletal Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Peripheral Nervous System Divisions

Nervous System
Peripheral (PNS)

Somatic/Skeletal

Autonomic

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Peripheral Nervous System

Skeletal - controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Autonomic - self-regulating,controls glands & muscles of internal organs (e.g., heart)

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

The Bodys Communication Networks

The Nervous System

Electro-chemical communication

The Endocrine System

Hormonal (chemical) communication

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate

Hormones chemical messengers in the bloodstream Endocrine glands
Pituitary master gland, growth hormone Thyroid metabolic rate Adrenal salt and carbohydrate metabolism Pancreas sugar metabolism Gonads sex hormones

Studying the Brain

Paris In The The Spring

Studying the Brain

Study Brain Injured Population
- WW I & II; Phineas Gage - Electrical stimulation during neurosurgery

Study animals Measure Brain Activity Neuroimaging or Brain Scans

Brain Scans
Structural Techniques

Functional Techniques

Neuroimaging Techniques
Structural techniques CT or CAT

Computerized axial tomography

Neuroimaging Techniques
Older CT Scan

Neuroimaging Techniques
Comparisons

Neuroimaging Techniques
Newer CT Scan (64-slice)

Aneuroism

Neuroimaging Techniques
Structural techniques - MRI Magnetic resonance imaging

Fatal Stroke

Normal Brain

Schizophrenia MRI

Neuroimaging Techniques
Functional techniques - PET Positron emission tomography

Stroke

Normal Brain

Depresson PET Example

No Treatment

3+ Months Meds

Neuroimaging Techniques
Functional techniques - fMRI Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Left vs. Right Hemisphere of the Brain

Cerebral Lateralization Split Brain Research

Left Brain

Right Brain

 Corpus callosum-

Cerebral Cortex

Split Brain Research

Didnt see it. Can Pick it up.

Cant tell its name when in hand.

Major Cerebral Lobes

I cant find my Frontal Lobe

Functions: Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, & problem solving Contains motor cortex Contains Brocas area

I cant feel my Parietal Lobe

Functions: Touch, pressure, pain, visual-spatial
Contains the

somatosensory cortex

I cant recall what you said (Temporal Lobe)

Functions: Speech comprehension memory Contains hippocampus Contains Wernickes area

Functions: Vision

I cant see my Occipital Lobe

Look like? Located? Function?

Subcortical Brain Regions

Brain Stem
Pons:

Medulla:

Reticular Formation:

Has your Cerebellum been drinking?

Cerebellum

Functions: Coordination of voluntary movements & balance

Emotional Limbic System

Neurons in Action

Neural Communication
Nerve cells are called

NEURONS
Q u ic k T im e a n d a Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e .

>100 billion neurons in the brain, and many more in the spinal cord & PNS

Basic Neuron Structure

Soma (cell body)

Myelin

Node of Ranvier

Axon terminals

Axon

Dendrites

Q u ic k T im e a n d a Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e .

Translating the Neuron Structure (and remembering it)

Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons (few million) Q u ic k T im e a n d a Send signals from Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h the is p ic t u r e . senses, skin, muscles, and internal organs TO the CNS

Motor Neurons (few million)

Motion-producing Q u ic k T im e a n d a that send Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r eneurons ssor a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e . signals FROM the CNS to the muscles, glands, and organs

Types of Neurons
CNS neurons that connect sensory-motor neurons. a nd a
Interneurons (100 billion)

Q u ic k T im e Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e .

How Does a Nerve Impulse Travel?

Neuron are stimulated by sensory receptor(s) or adjacent neuron(s).

The soma can potentially receive messages from thousands of dendrites.

Neuronal Action Potential

All or none response

Action Potential

Voltage

+30mV 0mV

Refractory Period

-70mV

Resting Potential

The Neural Impulse

Speed of the impulse depends on:
Q u ic k T im e a n d a Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e .

(a) Thickness of the axon

(b) Whether the axon is myelinated

Neural Transmission

Neural Transmission
1. Action Potential reaches Synaptic Vesicles in Terminal Button

2. Synaptic Vesicles release Neurotransmitters

Binding of Neurotransmitters
Specific neurotransmitters bind AT and ONLY AT specific receptor sites.

Lock & Key

Reuptake

3. Neurotransmitters are Excitatory or Inhibitory

Major Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine Endorphins Norepinephrine Serotonin GABA

Biogenic Monoamines
Regulate everyday behaviors

Dopamine
motivation; attention; reward; movement; thinking. - ADHD, Parkinsons + Cigarettes ++ Psychotic

Serotonin
Regulates sleep & wakefulness - depression (SSRI) + Thanksgiving

Norepinepherine
arousal & dreaming - depression/fatigue + over aroused or anxiety

Acetycholine (ACh)
Attention & Memory Q u ic k T im e a n d a Processes Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t uAlzheimers r e. Disease (Aricept)

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA Inhibitory)

- Anxiety (if low GABA) + Sluggishness

Endorphins
(Endogenous Morphines) Entire family of internally Q u ic k T im e a n d a peptide hormones Pla n a r RG B d e c o m p rproduced e ssor a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h is p ic t u r e . that resemble opiates in structure and effects

The Bodys Communication Networks

The Nervous System

Electro-chemical communication

The Endocrine System

Hormonal (chemical) communication

Endocrine System
Regulate aspects of: - growth, - reproduction, - metabolism, - behavior

Hypothalamus
- controls the endocrine system

Pituitary gland
Master gland that controls other glands