Pressure Measurement

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Fluid Mechanics SCB 23304

OVERVIEW
Introduction What is Pressure? Why measure Pressure? Measuring Devices -Ultra Low Pressure Sensors -Low Pressure Sensors -Medium Pressure Sensors -High Pressure Sensors -Calibrating -Elastic Deformation Sensors

WHAT IS PRESSURE?
Pressure is a normal force exerted by a fluid over a surface area Absolute, Gage, Vacuum Pressure Static & Dynamic Pressure Pa, Bar, atm, Psi

WHY MEASURE PRESSURE?

Pressure negates the properties of a fluid: -State, flow, forces Quality and Safety of Operation: -Tire, compressors, etc Pressure measurements is used in various general, industry and research applications

INDUSTRY APPLICATION
-Drilling Technology utilize pressure sensors for real time downhole data transfer -Weather forecasting -Medicine -Aviation -Pressure Vessels

Sphygmomanometer

Fluid Manometer

>Ultra Low Pressure Sensors

 Also known as Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) Pressures below 100 nPa (10~9 torr) Extreme conditions so require extensive measures to ensure accuracy. Its include: -High Speed Pumps. No one single pump is capable of operating from standard pressure to UHV so need several. -Seals Need special metal seals to prevent trace leakage. -Extremely Clean. -Minimal Surface area -Outgassing. Construction materials absorb other chemicals.

 Uses for UHV generally revolve around research: -X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ~Analyze the composition, chemical and electrical state within a material. -Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) ~Used to study surfaces for material sciences. -Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ~Measure the composition of thin films and solids. -Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TPD) ~Measure adsorption binding energy. -Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) ~ Analyze the density and distribution of electrons. -Particle accelerators -Atomic Physics Experiments involving cold atoms

ULP SENSORS Types of ULP Sensors -Ionisation Gage -Knudsen Gage -Alphatron ULP Requires specialised sensors: -High Precision & accuracy. -Indirect Pressure Measurement measure some property of the vacuum rather than the vacuum itself. Mustnt contaminate environment Only concerned with gases.

>Low Pressure Sensor

The Mcleod Gauge Pirani Gauge

THE MCLEOD GAUGE

Sensitive to condensed vapors Measures pressures for 0.0013 to 13.3 Pa Electronic vacuum gauges are now more common, but the McLeod Gauge is often used to calibrate them. Absolute Pressure below 133 Pa when using The Mcleod Gauge.

Example of The Mcleod Gauge

PIRANI GAUGE
Measures thermal conductivity of a gas Range of pressure is between 0.1 to 100 Pa

Schematic of Pirani gauge

Pirani gauge arrangement to compensate for change in ambient temperature

>Medium Pressure Sensors Barometer Manometer

BAROMETER
One common application of the manometer is the barometer The barometer measures atmospheric pressure This barometer uses a reference gas separated from the atmosphere by a liquid If the atmospheric pressure changes, the reference gas expands/contracts Static pressure gauge

Basic barometer

MANOMETER
The manometer consists of a tube filled with liquid of known density. A pressure difference across the tube causes the liquid to shift position The change in position can be measured to give the pressure Best suited to static pressure measurement Difficult to use for small pressure changes, unsuitable for very large pressures

Basic manometer

MANOMETER TOPOLOGIES

Cont

>High Pressure Sensors

Bourdon-tube Gauge Schrader Gauge

BOURDON-TUBE GAUGE
Invented by Eugene Bourdon in 1849 Can be used to measure pressures up to 100,000 psi Uses an elastic tube as its primary element The tube straightens out with increasing pressure, moving the pointer via mechanical links Measures static pressure

Commercial Bourdon tube gauge

SCHRADER GAUGE
Uses a piston connected to a spring Simple & sturdy construction Not particularly accurate Common use is in simple tyre pressure gauges Performs better than bourdon-tube under dynamic loads

>Calibration of Pressure Sensors

CALIBRATION
The most common way to calibrate pressure sensors is with a dead-weight tester Has accuracy in the 0.005% to 0.1% range Allows pressure tests up to 10kBar (~145,000 psi)

>Elastic Deformation
Sensors
Bellow Gauges Diaphragm Gauge Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Linear Variable Differential transformer (LVDT) pressure transducers Bridgman Gauge

BELLOW GAUGES
Uses the elastic deformation of a convoluted unit which expands and contracts with changes in pressure. Either electrical or mechanical output. Doesn't work well with dynamic pressures due to mass and large displacements.

DIAPHRAGM GAUGE
Uses the elastic deformation of a flexible membrane that separates two different pressures. The deformation of the diaphragm is dependent on the difference in pressure between the two faces.

Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor

Piezoresistive consist of a silicon diaphragm with a semiconductor strain gauge bonded to the diaphragm. Advantages: - High sensitivity - Good linearity at constant temperature.

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT) PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS

The motion of a diaphragm sensed by a Linear Variable Differential Transformer or (LVDT).

BRIDGMAN GAUGE
The wire is typically Manganin (84% Cu, 12%Mn, 4%Ni). Resistance is less affected by temperature change. Resistance can respond to variations in pressure in the megahertz range. The total resistance of the wire is about 100 and is usually employed in a Wheatstone bridge. Accuracy of 0.1% Such gauges require frequent calibration.