By

PROF. ARUN KUMAR CHAKRABORTY Associate Professor

Department of Civil Engineering Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur; Howrah 711 103; West Bengal

INTRODUCTION
Fly ash, a principal byproduct of coal burning power plants, is an industrial waste product containing large amounts of silica, alumina and small amount of unburned carbon, which pollutes environment. This fly ash has real disposal problems, and should hence be utilized effectively for various purposes. Fly ash, being primarily pozzolanic, can actually replace a

percentage of the Portland cement, to produce a stronger, more

durable and more environment friendly concrete. The cement production process releases a lot of carbon-di-

oxide in atmosphere, which is the primary green house gas that

causes global warming. Hence replacement of a considerable portion of cement by fly ash, can make a major contribution toward solving the global warming problem.

Fly Ash Concrete:

In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited to 15%-30% by mass of the total cementitious material, which has a beneficial effect on the workability and cost economy of concrete but for improved durability against sulfate attack, alkali-silica expansion, and thermal cracking, larger amounts of fly ash, are necessary.

High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:

According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash.

Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash in Concrete:

It is generally observed that a higher substitution of
Portland cement by fly ash reduces the water requirement for obtaining a given workability, mainly due to three mechanisms: Fly ash gets absorbed on the surface of oppositely charged cement particles and prevent them from flocculation, releasing large amounts of water, thereby reducing the water-demand for

a given workability.
The spherical shape and the smooth surface of fly ash particles help to reduce the interparticle friction and thus

facilitate mobility.
Due to its lower density and higher volume per unit mass, fly ash is a more efficient void-filler than Portland cement.

Applications of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:

HVFA system has proven to be an economical construction material. Several applications of HVFA concrete in structures,

and pavements have been reported all over the world.

Few information are available on long term properties and durability aspects of HVFA concrete, particularly, in India,

where there is a lot of variation in quality and properties of fly

ash. A detailed study is hence necessary to reveal these

aspects

before

prescribing

the

High

Volume

Fly

Ash

Technology in practical application considering the availability of local materials and climatic condition in our country.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
MATERIALS USED:
Detailed properties of cement and fly ash is given in Table 1.

Detailed properties of Coarse and Fine aggregates are shown in Table 2.

Conplast SP430 manufactured by M/S Fosroc India Ltd. Bangalore, has been used as a superplasticizer (conforming to ASTM C 494 type F) and Pidicrete CF-21 manufactured by Pidilite Industries has been used as normal plasticizer (ASTM Type A).

TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES:

Detailed mix proportions are given in tables T3.1, T3.2, T3.3, T3.4, T3.5 and T3.6.

Table1: Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of the Materials used

Physical Tests
Specific gravity Fineness Experimental Value IS Code Requirement Experimental Value - passing 45 micron Cement OPC (Ambuja) 3.17 3.15 84 3294 2250 3 - day 30.12 Cement PPC (Ambuja) 3.12 92 3402 3000 27.91 Fly ash Garden Reach 2.03 88 4892 -

-specific surface, Blaine, cm2/g IS Code Requirement Compressive strength of 70.7 mm cubes, Mpa

7 - day
28 - day IS Code Requirement 3 - day 7 - day 28 - day

37.22
42.83 27 37 53

37.49
47.44 16 22 33

Chemical Analysis (%)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Aluminium oxide (AI2O3) Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) Calcium oxide (CaO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Alkalis equivalent Titanium oxide (TiO2) Sulphur trioxide (SO3) Loss on ignition 18.67 6.07 4.96 60.12 2.13 2.57 1.98 2.93 2.68 1.95 57.1 27.1 7.4 2.1 1.2 2.42 1.2 0.1 1.3

Table2: Grading of Coarse and Fine Aggregate

Indian Standard Requirements for Coarse Aggregate As per IS 383 Type I (20mm graded) Type II (16mm graded) Indian Standard Requirements for Fine Aggregate As per IS 383 Passing % ( For Grading Zone II )

Coarse Aggregate

Fine Aggregate

Sieve Size mm

Type I Passing %

Type II Passing %

Sieve Size mm

Passing %

20.00 100.00 100.00 95-100 16.00 12.50 10.00 4.75 2.36 90.00 50.00 2.12 100.00 51.54 0.00 25-55 0-10 -

100 90-100 30-70 0-10 -

4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15

100.0 95.7 82.2 55.1 12.6 0.9

90-100 75-100 55-90 35-59 0-30 0-10

Table T3.1: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M20 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 350 Kg/m3 made with O.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement WRA Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

OL-0 OL-30 OL-40

0 30 40

100 70 60 1217 745

0.50 0.48 0.46

3.0 1.8 3.1

0.94 0.94 0.95

75 105 105

OL-50

50

50

0.43

3.8

0.92

95

Table T3.2: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M40 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 400 Kg/m3 made with O.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement S.P. Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

OM-0 OM-30 OM-40

0 30 40

100 70 60 1183 800

0.40 0.36 0.34

5.5 4.9 4.6

0.94 0.92 0.95

120 110 105

OM-50

50

50

0.32

4.6

0.91

120

Table T3.3: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M60 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 450 Kg/m3 made with O.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement S.P. Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

OH-0 OH-30 OH-40

0 30 40

100 70 60 1125 675

0.32 0.29 0.29

9.6 5.8 7.8

0.92 0.95 0.95

105 95 100

OH-50

50

50

0.28

6.2

0.93

115

Table T3.4: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M20 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 350 Kg/m3 made with P.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement WRA Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

PL-0 PL-40

30 40

70 60 1217 745

0.52 0.48

3.6 2.7

0.95 0.91

80 95

PL-50

50

50

0.46

3.7

0.93

110

Table T3.5: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M40 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 400 Kg/m3 made with P.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement S.P. Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

PM-0 PM-40

30 40

70 60 1183 800

0.42 0.38

5.5 5.6

0.92 0.92

90 125

PM-50

50

50

0.36

5.4

0.95

115

Table T3.6: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of different M60 concrete mixes having cementitious material content 450 Kg/m3 made with P.P.C
Aggregate Fly Cement S.P. Slump Ash W/CM C.F. Coarse Fine % L/m3 mm % kg/m3 kg/m3

Mix No.

PH-0 PH-40

30 40

70 60 1125 675

0.34 0.32

9.6 5.8

0.94 0.93

85 110

PH-50

50

50

0.30

6.4

0.93

110

TYPES OF TESTS ON CONCRETE SAMPLES: Compressive strength at 28days, 91days, 180 days and 365 days as per IS 516:1959.

Flexural strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS516: 1959.

Splitting tensile strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS 5816: 1999. Abrasion test at 56 and 365 days as per IS 1237: 1980. Water Permeability at 56 and 365 days as per DIN1048 part V. Rebound Hammer Test and Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test as per IS 13311: 1992 Part I & II.

COMPRESSIVE FLYASH HAVING FOR

STRENGTH M20

VS

%
80 70
Compressive Strength (MPa)

CONCRETE

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

365 days 60 50 40 30 20 10 28 days 180 days 91 days

CONTENT 350 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% flyash(as replacement of cement)

80
compressive strength (MPa)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

365 days 180 days 91 days 28 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 50 55

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

COMPRESSIVE FLYASH FOR

STRENGTH M40

vs

%
80

CONCRETE
commpressive strength (MPa)

365 days
70

HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 400 O.P.C. & P.P.C. KG/M3 MADE WITH

180 days
60 50 40 30 20 10

91 days 28 days

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

70
compressive strength (Mpa)

365 days 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 35 40 45

180 days 91 days 28 days

P.P.C.

50

55

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

COMPRESSIVE FLYASH FOR

STRENGTH M60

vs

%
90 80
compressive strength (MPa)

CONCRETE

365 days 180 days 91 days 28 days

HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 450 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

80 365 days
compressive strength (MPa)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 35 40 45

180 days 91 days 28 days

P.P.C.

50

55

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

Comparison of Compressive Strength of M20 Concrete having cementitious

material content 350 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)
compressive strength (MPa)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 54 45 55 51 41 49

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 50 % flyash (as replacement of cement ) 46 40 44 40 41 O.P.C. P.P.C

O.P.C. P.P.C

38

30

40 % flyash (as replacement of cement )

50

28 Days

91 Days

Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious

material content 350 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 % flyash (as replacement of cement ) 50 57 47 49 67 62 53

80 71 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 % flyash (as replacement of cement) 50 48 61 52 67 66

O.P.C P.P.C.

O.P.C. P.P.C.

180 Days

365 Days

Comparison of Compressive Strength of M40 Concrete having cementitious

material content 400 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

100 90
compressive strength(MPa)
compressive strength(MPa)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
30 40 %flyash(as replacement of cement) 50

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 55 46 59 52 50 51

72 66 57 59 58 60

O.P.C. P.P.C

O.P.C. P.P.C

30

40 %flyash(as replacement of cement)

50

28 Days

91 Days

Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious

material content 400 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

100 90
compressive strength(MPa)
compressive strength (MPa)

100 90 80 70 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 55 72 64 60 55

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 50 %flyash(as replacement of cement) 68 55 67 57 58 61 O.P.C. P.P.C

O.P.C. P.P.C.

30

40 % flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

180 Days

365 Days

Comparison of Compressive Strength of M60 Concrete having cementitious

material content 450 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 % flyash (as replacement of cement) 50 68 66 60 70 62 52 O.P.C. P.P.C

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

77 68 72 69 72 65

O.P.C. P.P.C

30

40 % flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

28 Days

91 Days

Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious

material content 450 Kg/m3 using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

100 90
compressive strength (MPa)
compressive strength(MPa)

100 90
75 70 64 72 76 67

81 72

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

78 73

78 68

O.P.C. P.P.C

O.P.C. P.P.C.

40 %flyash(as replacement of cement)

50

30

40 % flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

180 Days

365 Days

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS % FLYASH FOR M20 CONCRETE HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 350 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

28 days 91 days 365 days

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 flyash (%) 40 50 60

7 6
Split Tensile Strength(Mpa)

5 4 3 2 1

28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 flyash (%) 50 55 60

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS % FLYASH FOR M40 CONCRETE

Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 flyash (%) 40 50 60 28 days 91 days 365 days

HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

CONTENT 400 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

O.P.C.

7 6
Split Tensile Strength(Mpa)

5 4 3 2 1 0 30 35 40 45 flyash (%) 50 55 60

28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS % FLYASH FOR M60 CONCRETE

Split Tensile Strength(Mpa)

7 6 5 4 28 days 3 2 1 0 91 days 365 days

HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

CONTENT 450 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

O.P.C.
7 6
Split Tensile Strength(Mpa)

10

20

30 flyash (%)

40

50

60

5 4 3 2 1

28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 flyash (%) 50 55 60

Comparison of 28 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
7
28 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)
28 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3.67 3.65 4.6 4.29 3.94 O.P.C P.P.C

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH %
7
28 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

4.28

3.4

3.55

3.46

3.5 2.55 2.55

O.P.C P.P.C

50

30

40 FLYASH %

50

6 5.21 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 4.86 4.43 4.35 3.72 3.98

350 Kg/m3

400 Kg/m3
O.P.C P.P.C

450 Kg/m3

Comparison of 91 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 3.94 4.51 4.28 4.43 3.9 O.P.C P.P.C 3.56
91 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 3.76 4.87 4.24 3.41 3.67 5.08 O.P.C P.P.C

91 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

10
91 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 4.52 4.02 3.5 5.12 5.57 5.92 O.P.C P.P.C

350 Kg/m3

400 Kg/m3

450 Kg/m3

Comparison of 365 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 4.69 5.05 5.67 5.88 5.06 4.59 O.P.C P.P.C
365 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

10

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 4.83 4.25 4.53 6.23 5.59 O.P.C 4.00 P.P.C

365 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

365 Days Split Tensile Strength (Mpa)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 40 FLYASH % 50 4.64 5.28 5.34 5.38 4.88 6.17 O.P.C P.P.C

350

Kg/m3

400 Kg/m3

450 Kg/m3

FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH FOR CONCRETE HAVING

Flexural strength (MPa)

12

10

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 350 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

28 days 91 days 365 days

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

12 10
Flexural strength (MPa)

8 6 4 2 28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 % of flyash (as replacement of cement)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH FOR CONCRETE HAVING

Flexural strength (MPa)

12

10

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 400 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

8 28 days 91 days 4 365 days

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

12

10
Flexural strength (MPa)

28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH FOR CONCRETE HAVING

Flexural strength (MPa)

12

10

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT 450 KG/M3 MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

28 days 91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

12

10
Flexural strength (MPa)

28 days 91 days 365 days

P.P.C.

0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

Comparison of 28 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
12 10

12 10
flexural strength (MPa)

flexural strength (MPa)

8 6.54 6 4 2 0 5.53 5.27 6.52 5.89 5.61

O.P.C.
6 4 2 0 30 40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement) 50 5.47 5.56 4.94 5.66 4.5 5.77

OPC PPC

P.P.C.

30

40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

12 10
flexural strength (MPa)

350 Kg/m3

8.84 7.34 6.72 7.77 7.18 6.99

8 6

400 Kg/m3
O.P.C. P.P.C.

4 2 0 30 40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement) 50

450 Kg/m3

Comparison of 91 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
12

12 10

10

flexural strength (MPa)

8.89 7.39 6.45 7.5 6.53 8.00

flexural strength (MPa)

8 6.54 6 5.61

7.87 6.58 6.02 6.97

8 6 4 2 0

O.P.C. P.P.C.

OPC PPC

0 30 40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement) 50

30

40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

12 10 9.38 7.67 7.83 7.25 7.06 7.03

flexural strength (MPa)

350 Kg/m3

8 6 4 2 0 30

400 Kg/m3
O.P.C. P.P.C.

40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

450 Kg/m3

Comparison of 365 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
12 9.83 9.27

12 10
flexural strength (MPa)

10

8.94 8.08 8.15 8.05 8.04 6.48

flexural strength (MPa)

7.98 8 6.83 6 5.93

8.15

O.P.C. P.P.C.

OPC PPC

6 4 2 0

0 30 40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement) 50

30

40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement)

50

12 10.59 10 9.55 9.96 8.55 8 6 4 2 0 30 40 % of flyash (as replacement of cement) 50 8.75 9.52

flexural strength (MPa)

350 Kg/m3

400 Kg/m3
O.P.C. P.P.C.

450 Kg/m3

Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content 350 Kg/m3 for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

90

90

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

O.P.C .

P.P.C .

Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete

made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content 400 Kg/m3 for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

90

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

O.P.C .

P.P.C .

Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete

made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content 450 Kg/m3 for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

90

90

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

CHANGE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH W.R.T. 28 DAYS (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

Air MgCl2 MgSO4

O.P.C .

P.P.C .

Depth of Carbonation for Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.

having different cementitious material content for different percentages of Fly Ash after 365 days exposure in air.
6
CARBONATION DEPTH (mm)

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 OPC PPC

Procedur e

350 Kg/m
3

6
CARBONATION DEPTH (mm)

6
CARBONATION DEPTH (mm)

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 OPC PPC

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

400 Kg/m
3

OPC PPC

450 Kg/m
3

Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C. having cementitious material content 350 kg/m3 for different percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages

2 1.8

2 1.8

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (% ) 50 365 Days 56 Days

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (% ) 50 365 Days 56 Days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C. having cementitious material content 400 kg/m3 for different percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages

2 1.8

2 1.8

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (% ) 50 365 Days 56 Days

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (% ) 50 365 Days 56 Days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C. having cementitious material content 450 kg/m3 for different percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages

2 1.8

2 1.8

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

ABRASION THICKNESS (mm)

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50

56 Days 365 Days

56 Days 365 Days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

WATER PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH AT 365 DAYS.
40
WATER PERMEABILITY (mm)

40
WATER PERMEABILITY (mm)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 365 Days

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 365 Days

350 Kg/m
3

350 Kg/m
3

O.P. C
40
WATER PERMEABILITY (mm)

P.P. C
40
WATER PERMEABILITY (mm)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 365 Days

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 30 FLY ASH (%) 50 365 Days

400 Kg/m
3

400 Kg/m
3

CONCLUSION
For similar cementitious material content and similar range of slump, the use of fly ash (0 to 50 %) decreased the water-tocementitious-material ratio in general. The long term strength of the concrete containing fly ash is higher than that of control concrete without fly ash.
Abrasion resistance of fly ash concrete is less than corresponding samples without fly ash both at early and longer ages, in general. The loss of thickness due to abrasion increases with percentage of fly ash in concrete. The fly ash concrete shows lower water permeability compared to that of control concrete. The depth of carbonation is increased with the increase in percentage replacement of fly ash in concrete.