CH 07

Chapter 7: Cells, tissues and signals
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University
7-1
Extracellular matrix
In animal cells, plasma membranes of adjacent cells may be separated by extracellular matrix
fluid lattice network of proteins in hydrated polysaccharide gel
Proteins
structural (collagen, elastin) adhesive (fibronectin, laminin, others)
Polysaccharide
glycosaminoglycans
7-2
Extracellular matrix (cont.)

Proteins in extracellular matrix integrate cell activities and guide cell movement Types of extracellular matrix
interstitial matrix
found in connective tissues
basal lamina
underlies epithelial cell layers
7-3
Fig. 7.3: Extracellular matrix
7-4
Intracellular connections
Plasma membranes of adjacent cells connected by junctions
molecular complexes
Tight (occluding) junctions

prevent passage of molecules through extracellular space
Anchoring junctions
sites of attachment for mechanical support of tissues
Communicating junctions
specialised for communication between cells
7-5
Fig. 7.7: Anchoring, gap and adherent junctions
7-6
Tight (occluding) junctions

Prevent free movement of molecules through extracellular fluid between cells Also restrict membrane proteins to specific area of plasma membrane
7-7
Anchoring junctions
Provide mechanical support
desmosomes
plaques connected to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton linked by glycoproteins (cadherins)
hemidesmosomes
anchor cells to the extracellular matrix
adherens junctions
adhesion belts of actin filaments that run parallel with and are connected to plasma membrane by plaques focal junctions of integrins connect actin filaments to extracellular matrix
7-8
Communicating (gap) junctions

Specialised for electrical and chemical communication between cells
provide pathway of low electrical resistance permit rapid current spread between cells
Communicating junctions are highly regular protein channels

each links to a similar unit in adjacent cell plasma membrane
7-9
Question 1:
Junctions that permit the transfer of water, ions and larger molecules between plant cells that adjacent to one another would be:
a) b) c) d) Adhering junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions Anchoring junctions
7-10
Epithelia
Epithelial tissues form continuous layers as surfaces
cells bound together by tight and anchoring junctions protection, regulation of exchange of materials, secretion
Epithelia categorised by
number of layers
simple (one layer) stratified (more than one layer)
shape of cells
squamous (flattened) cuboidal columnar
7-11
Connective tissue
Provides basic structural, metabolic and defensive support
bone, cartilage, blood, adipose tissue, fibroblasts
Components of connective tissue

extracellular materials (usually more abundant than cells)
matrix of polysaccharides and proteins
fibres
collagen reticulin elastin
7-12
Muscle
Muscle cells are capable of contraction
composed of actin and myosin filaments movement of animal movement of internal organs
Striated muscle
highly organised skeletal and cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
less regularly arranged than striated muscle internal (visceral) organs
7-13
Nervous tissue
Nerve cells (neurons) carry information
interconnecting network for transmitting information
Structure of neuron
information received by branching dendrites signal transmitted along elongate axon
Neurons are unable to divide Neurons are supported by glial cells

maintain composition of extracellular environment form myelin sheaths
7-14
Fig. 7.10: Various human tissue types
7-15
Plant cells
Plants have rigid cell walls
limits size and shape of cells
Rigid cell wall allows plant cells to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution

without wall, inflow of water by osmosis would cause plant cells to burst
Cell walls are important in plant metabolism

contain enzymes act as pathway for transport, absorption and secretion act as a barrier against pathogens
7-16
Cell wall structure

Cell walls of plants are composed of cellulose
chains of (14)-linked -D-glucose molecules organised into microfibrils microfibrils embedded in and cross-linked to matrix of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, pectin and proteins
Cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin

polymer of (14)-linked -N-acetylglucosamine
Cell walls of bacteria are composed of polysaccharides cross-linked by amino acids
7-17
Development of cell walls

Cell division
plasma membrane develops between the two new cells wall material is added between the two membranes middle lamella rich in pectin molecules
Primary cell walls

glucose precursor molecules transported across plasma membrane by carrier molecules cellulose chains assembled on external face of plasma membrane
Secondary walls contain lignin
7-18
Plasmodesmata
Rigid cell walls limit contact between adjacent cells Plasmodesmata are channels that link plasma membranes and cytosol of adjacent cells
bounded by plasma membrane
Narrow desmotubule runs through most plasmodesmata

desmotubule continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
7-19
Plant tissue
Apical meristem is specialised region at growing tip of root or stem
continually dividing cells
In each pair of daughter cells

one remains part of meristem other differentiates as part of mature body of plant
Types of plant tissues derived from meristem

dermal tissue ground tissue vascular tissue
7-20
Dermal tissue
Forms the outer covering of a plant Epidermis is major type of dermal tissue
one or several closely-packed cells secretes waterproof cuticle of cutin (lipid)
Epidermis contains stomata (pores) that perforate cuticle

stomata allow exchange of gases guard cells control size of stomatal opening
7-21
Ground tissue
Ground tissue includes storage and structural tissue Functions of ground tissue
photosynthesis storage aeration in low-oxygen environments support and strength
7-22
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and synthesised carbohydrates Xylem
transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
Phloem
transports photosynthetic products from leaves to place of use or storage
7-23
Cell signals
Cells gather information about their surroundings and use it to control their activities Cells also produce signals that influence behaviour of other cells
7-24
Types of signals
Stimuli that act as signals for cells may be
physical
light, heat
chemical
food, hormones
Cells may be specialised to receive, transmit or respond to signals Chemical messengers used to transmit information
7-25
Responses to signals
Signal detection involves receptor proteins that respond to specific stimuli Specialised nerve cells contain receptors
photoreceptors
light
thermoreceptors
heat
mechanoreceptors
pressure or stretch
chemoreceptors
chemicals
7-26
Fig. 7.17: Cell responds to signals
7-27
Chemical stimuli
Cells receive chemical signals by direct interaction between signal molecule (ligand) and a specific receptor molecule of plasma membrane of responding cell Types of signals
lipid-soluble chemical signals
enter cells freely and interact with intracellular receptors
water-soluble chemical signals

bind to cell surface and signal is relayed into cell
surface-bound chemical signals

located on one cell and binds to receptor on surface of responding cell
7-28
Fig. 7.18a: Chemical signals
7-29
Fig. 7.18b: Chemical signals
7-30
Fig. 7.18c: Chemical signals
7-31
Physical stimuli
Cells respond to a variety of physical stimuli Types of signals
light
photoreceptors contain light-absorbing chromophores that respond to different wavelengths
7-32
Physical stimuli (cont.)

mechanical stimuli
mechanoreceptors for pressure, stretch and hearing detect stimuli by distortion of cell heat detected by thermoreceptors with temperature-sensitive channel proteins or active carriers
7-33
Physical stimuli (cont.)

electric and magnetic fields
detected by modified ion channels in neuron membranes thought to be used for navigation and prey detection in some animals
7-34
Signal processing
Signal received by receptor must be processed into information that produces an appropriate cellular response Signal processing may
be direct involve one or more intracellular molecular steps
7-35
Direct responses
Activated receptor acts directly to produce a cellular response Steroids
generate local responses hormone-receptor complex binds to specific region of DNA alters rate of synthesis of particular protein
Membrane permeability
regulation of cytoskeleton by cell adhesion receptors regulation of membrane permeability by channel-linked receptors
7-36
G-protein-linked receptors
Many signalling pathways involve intermediate proteins linked to receptors
G-proteins
guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding regulatory proteins
G-protein-linked receptors act through G-proteins to indirectly alter the activity of an ion channel or intracellular enzyme
7-37
Second messengers
G-proteins usually act by altering concentration of second messenger molecules
second messengers amplify the signal following receptor activation by the stimulus
Second messengers
cyclic AMP (cAMP) cyclic GMP (cGMP) inositol trisphosphate (IP3) Calcium (Ca2+)
7-38
Fig. 7.27: Signal response
7-39
Question 2:
G proteins:
a) Function as first messengers b) Relay a message from the receptor to an enzyme to activate a second messenger c) Activate ion channels d) Terminate a signalling cascade
7-40
Protein phosphorylation
In many signalling pathways, second messengers trigger protein phosphorylation Second messengers activate protein kinases Protein kinases attach phosphate groups to proteins, changing the activity of the protein Phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins
7-41
Fig. 7.29: Protein phosphorylation
7-42
Summary
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised and linked 4 major types of animal tissue: epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous tissue 3 major tissue systems in vascular plants: dermal (covering), ground (supporting) and vascular (transport) systems Cell activity is regulated by signals, received by specific receptors All major cellular activities are regulated by signal responses
7-43

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Chapter 7: Cells, tissues and signals

Extracellular matrix (cont.)

Fig. 7.3: Extracellular matrix

Tight (occluding) junctions

Fig. 7.7: Anchoring, gap and adherent junctions

Tight (occluding) junctions

Communicating (gap) junctions

Communicating junctions are highly regular protein channels

Components of connective tissue

Neurons are unable to divide Neurons are supported by glial cells

Fig. 7.10: Various human tissue types

Rigid cell wall allows plant cells to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution

Cell walls are important in plant metabolism

Cell wall structure

Cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin

Cell walls of bacteria are composed of polysaccharides cross-linked by amino acids

Development of cell walls

Primary cell walls

Secondary walls contain lignin

Narrow desmotubule runs through most plasmodesmata

In each pair of daughter cells

Types of plant tissues derived from meristem

Epidermis contains stomata (pores) that perforate cuticle

Fig. 7.17: Cell responds to signals

water-soluble chemical signals

surface-bound chemical signals

Fig. 7.18a: Chemical signals

Fig. 7.18b: Chemical signals

Fig. 7.18c: Chemical signals

Physical stimuli (cont.)

Physical stimuli (cont.)

Fig. 7.27: Signal response

Fig. 7.29: Protein phosphorylation

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