SWINE NUTRITION

Single

stomach Eat feed low in fiber Humans are also non-ruminants

 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

 Breaks

down feedstuffs into .. simple chemical parts.. so the pig can absorb.. and utilize them .

 Breaks

down feed stuffs by chewing Adds saliva to help in digestion

 Muscles

contract to move the food down to the stomach

 Adds

digestive juices to break down food

The small intestine.

Mixes

secretions Absorbs nutrients

 Storage

and formation

of feces Absorption of water Secretion and reabsorption of electrolytes

Non-ruminant
Abomasum-

true stomach depends on digestive enzymes pepsin, rennin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, HCL Needs
energy

(fat and CHO), protein (a.a.), minerals (Ca:P 1.2:1 to 1.5:1), vitamins, water, antibiotics and other additives

Swine Nutrition
Basic

diet is Corn and Soybean Meal standard ration based on cereal grains, SBM, vit., minerals, additives majority buys a SBM pre-mix to add to corn or milo

Energy sources
cereal
Fat Protein

grains -CHO

Cereal Grains- CHO Values

corn-

100% energy value - 8% CP wheat - 99% use 12.5 % CP milo - 96% (more variable on protein content) use 8% CP when unknown

FEEDS
Definition-

any ingredients or material fed to animals for purposes of sustaining them Classes of Feeds
roughages concentrates by-products protein

supplements minerals, vitamins, and additives

Swine Nutrition
Concentrates

- high in energy, low in fiber and < 20% protein corn, barley, milo, wheat, rye, oats thumb rules - ok in P, low in Ca
low

in vitamins, except for beta carotene (A) protein and minerals are low
Corn

is high in energy, low in fiber and palatable (7-9% protein)

Swine Nutrition
Proteins

- high in nitrogen protein quality - amino acids

essential

vs non-essential limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine & typtophan); sometimes threonine

Protein Sources
Soybean

Meal, Fish Meal, Meat and Bone Meal, Peanut Meal; not Cottonseed Meal (gossypol toxicity) NPN= non-protein nitrogen- not for swine or poultry

Classes of Feeds
Vitamins
natural,

synthetics water vs fat soluble classification A,D,& E are most common in ruminants A, D, & E and B vit. re needed for nonruminants

Vitamins
Riboflavin
Niacin Pantothenic B12 Choline

Acid

Vit
E

Minerals- need 10
macro

or major- Ca, P, NaCl trace - Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Si, Se

Classes of Feeds
Special
Fats

Feeds

and oils (increase calories without bulk)

Feed

additives

increase

efficiency of gain, prevent diseases, preserve the feed

antibiotics,

hormones, paylean, navigator, etc.

Swine
Creep Feeding
start

at 3-10 days high protein and sugar switch at 40 lbs adv. - uniformity, increase weaning weight, decreases mortality, scours, weight loss by sow and setback when weaned

Swine Feeding Stages

starter

pig ration at 10- 50 lbs (18%) grower ration at 50 - 100/125 lbs (16%) finishing ration at 125-250 lbs (12-14%)

Swine Feeding
feed

efficiency should be around 3:1 3 lbs of feed to yield one pound of wt. gain full vs limit feeding for growing-finishing replacement gilts should receive 4 lbs/day increase feed 2-3 X during lactation

Swine Feeding cont.

Sows

and boars is condition dependent can add peanut or alfalfa hay (limited) do not over feed

Swine Feeding cont.

Soft

Pork - caused by lower melting points in the makeup of fat caused by feeding certain feeds: ie. too much peanut meal Trichinosis - traditionally garbage fed swine

FUNCTION OF FEEDS
Maintenance-

a ration which is adequate to prevent any loss or gain of tissue in the body when there is no production
the

difference in energy needs are related to the amount of activity

Growth-

increase in size of muscles, bones, internal and external parts of the body (the foundation of animal production) Finishing- the laying on or deposition of fat

Evaluation of Feedstuffs
Physical-

stage of plant maturity, foreign material,

etc. Cost/Unit of nutrient Protein ex.

SBM

@ $6.00/cwt. @ 44% c.p. 100 X .44=44 lb of crude protein from cwt of SBM $6.00/44 = $.136 per pound of protein OR $320/ton for 44 % SBM = 2000 X .44 = 880; $320/ 880 = $.36 per pound of protein for corn

Evaluation of Feedstuffs
observe:
palatability,

grade, preparation, ingredient combination, and quantity fed

Chemical
protein,

Analysis- proximate analysis

fat, moisture, and ash (minerals)

Digestion

trial example

Evaluation
Measuring
TDN=

of Feedstuffs

Energy

sum total of the digestible protein, fiber, and nitrogen free extract, and fat X 2.25 Calorie or Net Energy system
Net

Energy= gross energy-fecal energy-gaseous energy-urinary energy-heat increment gross energy = combustion heat

Evaluation of Feedstuffs
digestible

energy = portion of gross energy that is not excreted in feces Metabolic energy = portion of gross energy that is not lost in feces, urine and gas heat increment = difference between ME & NE heat unavoidably produced by an animal in digestion and metabolism
Pigs:

we use DE more often

How to Balance a Ration

Consideration
availability

points

and cost of feedstuffs moisture content composition of feedstuffs nutrient allowances composition of ration needed

How to Balance a Ration

Methods
Pearson

Square Trial and error Net energy Computer

Commercial Feed Selection

Reputation
Needs Feed

of the mfg.

tag guarantee Flexible formulas

Home vs Commercial Mixed Feeds

Options
commercially

prepared purchase grain and add protein supplement use home grown grain and add protein suppl. purchase commercial feed and add only mineral and vitamin pre-mix add all indiv. ingredients

Feeding Systems
Hand

vs Self feeding Self feeding advantages

less

labor increase feed consumption increase gains and earlier marketing not likely to go off feed time and $$$$ saved by bulk feeding

Feeding Systems
Self

feeding disadvantages

unless

mixed correctly, animals tend to select grain and discard roughage; therefore, grind it find or pelletizing is essential increase cost, if more concentrate is fed
Other
pigs-

add ground alfalfa

Feeding Systems
Creep
the

feeding-

supplemental feeding of young nursing animals in an enclosure which is accessible to them but not to their parent
gains

for young animals are cheap gains due to less fat content in young animals and less consumption/body wt. adv.- increases weaning wt., uniformity, achieve genetic potential, assists first sows, etc.

Feeding Systems
Feeds

should not be abruptly changed Check for Nutrient deficiencies

Nutrient Deficiencies
Protein
depressed

appetite, lower energy intake, loss of weight, slower growth, irregular or delayed estrus, reduced milk production

Major

Minerals Ca & P - rickets (fragile bones) Salt - coarse hair coat, loss of appetite I - goiter, poor growth, listlessness

Nutrient Deficiencies
Mn

- weak legs Zn - rough skin- parakeratosis Fe - anemia Se - white muscle disease Co - weakness, loss of appetite Cu - severe diarrhea, weight loss, rough, coarse, bleached coat, anemia

Nutrient Deficiencies
Vitamins
A

- most likely, esp. in confinement animals

carotene is essential

beta

- rickets, osteomalacia in mature animals E - white muscle disease (Se related) K - Excessive bleeding (coagulant Vit) B & C ruminants (No problem); yet with nonruminants; yes, there can be a problem

Nutrient Deficiencies
Water
source major

constituent of the body determined by rate of gain, lactation, reprod, environment, activity, feed intake, etc.
salt

(>1% = toxic)

Nutritional

deficiencies come by too little or too moldy (<200 ppm aflatoxin in corn)

Preparation of Feeds
Coarsesness

of grinding- hogs prefer coarse particle size, however, we see an increase FE with decreasing the grind size because of increased digestibility, but too finely ground feeds aggravate the stomach and cause ulcers

Preparation of Feeds
Pelleting-

costly, improves digestibility, size (smaller the better), increases the value of a high fiber diet, improves feed efficiency High moisture or reconstituted- slight increase in FE, yet problems in the summer (mold)

Preparation of Feeds
Wetting

or soaking- decreases wastage, saves labor, increases gains and FE , Yet gets soured in the summer

Relative effect of protein deficiency

carcass

characteristics feed efficiency gain/growth