Introduction to Wavelets part 2

By Barak Hurwitz

Wavelets seminar

with Dr Hagit Hal-or

List of topics
Reminder 1D signals
Wavelet Transform CWT,DWT Wavelet Decomposition Wavelet Analysis

2D signals
Wavelet Pyramid some Examples

Reminder from last week

Why transform? Why wavelets? Wavelets like basis components. Wavelets examples. Wavelets advantages. Continuous Wavelet Transform.

Reminder -Why transform?

Reminder Noise in Fourier spectrum

Noise

1D SIGNAL

Coefficient * sinusoid of appropriate frequency The original signal

Wavelet Properties

Short time localized waves 0 integral value. Possibility of time shifting. Flexibility.

Wavelets families

Wavelet Transform

Coefficient * appropriately scaled and shifted wavelet

The original signal

CWT
Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 Step 4
Step 5

Repeat steps 1-4 for all scales

Example A simulated lunar landscape

CWT of the Lunar landscape

1/46

scale mother
time

Scale and Frequency

Higher scale correspond to the most
stretched wavelet.

The more stretched the wavelet

the coarser the signal features being measured by the wavelet coefficient.

Low scale

High scale

Scale and Frequency (Contd)

Low scale a : Compressed wavelet :Fine
details (rapidly changing) : High frequency

High scale a : Stretched wavelet: Coarse

details (Slowly changing): Low frequency

Shift Smoothly over the analyzed function

The DWT
every possible scale is too much work It also generates a very large amount of data Solution: choose only a subset of scales and positions, based on power of two (dyadic choice)

Calculating the wavelets coefficients at

Approximations and Details:

Approximations: High-scale, lowfrequency components of the signal Details: low-scale, high-frequency components
LPF Input Signal HPF

Decimation
The former process produces twice the data To correct this, we Down sample (or: Decimate)
the filter output by two.

A complete one stage block :

LPF Input Signal

A*

HPF

D*

Multi-level Decomposition
Iterating the decomposition process,
breaks the input signal into many lowerresolution components: Wavelet decomposition tree:

high pass filter

Low pass filter

Wavelet reconstruction
Reconstruction (or synthesis) is the
process in which we assemble all components back
Up sampling (or interpolation) is done by zero inserting between every two coefficients

Example*:

* Wavelet used: db2

What was wrong with Fourier?

We loose the time

information

Short Time Fourier Analysis

STFT - Based on the FT and using
windowing :

STFT
between time-based and frequencybased. limited precision. Precision <= size of the window. Time window - same for all frequencies. Whats wrong with Gabor?

Wavelet Analysis
Windowing technique with variable size
window: Long time intervals - Low frequency Shorter intervals - High frequency

The main advantage: Local Analysis

To analyze a localized area of a larger
signal. For example:

Local Analysis (Contd)

Fourier analysis Vs.
Wavelet analysis:
scale

low frequency

Discontinuity effect
time High frequency

NOTHING!

exact location in time of the discontinuity.

2D SIGNAL
b shift
Wavelet function

coefficient a scale coefficient

a , b x
1D function

x b a

2D

function

a, bx , by x , y

1 a

xbx a

y by a

Time and Space definition

1D

Time for one dimension waves we

2D

start point shifting from source to end in time scale .

Space for image point shifting is two

dimensional .

Image Pyramids

Wavelet Decomposition

Wavelet DecompositionLENNA

Another Example

LH HL HH

high pass

high pass

high pass

Coding Example
Original @ 8bpp

DWT @0.5bpp

DCT @0.5 bpp

Zoom on Details
DWT DCT

Another Example
0.15bpp DCT 0.18bpp 0.2bpp

DWT

Where do we use Wavelets?

Everywhere around us are signals that can

be analyzed For example: seismic tremors Wavelet human speechanalysis is a new engine andvibrations promising set of tools medical images for analyzing these signals financial data Music