THE CELL

Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the role of the cell in the human body 2. Outline the structure and functions of the plasma membrane and internal organelles, including the nucleus. 3. List four mechanisms for cell membrane transport with examples 4. Identify four basic types of body tissue, describe their structure and functions and provide examples of their location. 5. Identify the 3 different types of muscle tissue and their principal locations. 6. Define an organ and identify the principal organs that comprise each system of the body 7. Identify the principal body systems and state their main functions

Cells
Refer to Learning Outcome 1.

Are the structural units of all living matter

Our body is made up of many millions of cells, about 200 different types

Cells range in size from about 2 micrometres (tiny!)

Cells make up tissues Tissues make up organs

Organs make up systems

So. Alteration in cellular functioning or activity leads to alterations in how systems work . Diseases

Cells (continued)
Cells are the smallest biological unit capable of an independent existence
Cells have differing shapes, sizes and functions But. All cells originate from that one fertilised egg cell ZYGOTE

3 major areas: Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

1. Nucleus: The control center, it directs cell activity and is necessary for reproduction. Contains our genetic material (DNA)

2. Plasma membrane: Acts as a barrier and allows selective movement of substances in and out of the cell
3. The cytoplasm: Made up of a gel like fluid cytosol and specialised bodies called organelles

The Cell

Label the diagram with the following structures: 1. 2. Nucleus Rough ER (with ribosomes) 3. Ribosomes 4. Smooth ER 5. Golgi apparatus / complex 6. Secretory granules 7. Nuclear envelope/ membrane 8. Mitochondria 9. Plasma membrane 10. Centrosome 11. Centrioles

Simplified cell membrane structure

Hydrophilic end Protein

Hydrophobic end

As lipids are hydrophobic /non polar they restrict the passage of H20 and ions through therefore it acts as a barrier
Based on a lipid bilayer (phospholipids) and proteins Membrane is fluid- not solid so lipids and proteins can move freely

The role of proteins in the cell membrane

Membrane proteins are either peripheral (partially in one side) or integral (spans one side to another) Proteins provide a specialised function in selective transport, structural support, transport, enzyme or receptors

Proteins have 3 main functions in the cell membrane as illustrated on the right and left

Cell receptors and intracellular signalling

Communication between cells depends on receptors located on the exterior part of the cell membrane Act as docking sites for chemical molecules e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters & drugs Result: Lead to a series of results that result in either turn on and turn off target cell activity

Plasma Membrane
Refer to Learning Outcome 2 Keeps the cell intact enclosing the cell contents Controls movement in and out of the cell Semi permeable it allows some substances to pass through and others not

Acts as a receptor site and helps other cells recognise it (proteins)

Why is the barrier so important?

Cytoplasm
Is made up of CYTOSOL (75-90% water) in which the cell contents are suspended in and which includes the; ORGANELLES these are known as the little organs each has a job to do inside the cell, eg.make proteins, produce energy for the cell called cellular respiration.

Nucleus
The CONTROL CENTRE for the cell Contains CHROMOSOMES which carry all our genetic information as GENES (sections of DNA) This genetic material is the recipe that instructs or governs what the cell does/is

This information is replicated during cell division so that all daughter cells have the same genetic information and instructions as parent cell (non sex cell division)
Gives instructions to the rest of the cell for protein synthesis (via the organelles) Nuclear membrane is semi-permeable double membrane

Organelles
Mitochondria power centre of the cell where energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate is made (ATP)
Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis, either in ER or free in cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum extensive network of membranous tubules from nuclear membrane to cell membrane.

1. Passageway for transport of the materials needed for cell function within the cell
2. Synthesise lipids and carbohydrates, contain enzymes

*Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- with ribosomes

Smooth ER without ribosomes

Organelles
Lysosomes contains digestive enzymes which breakdown unwanted substances (trash bin!) Golgi Apparatus flattened membranous sacs which package up and modify proteins sent by RER. Secretory vesicles pinch off from ends of sacs to transport proteins to plasma membrane eg. Mucus, digestive enzymes. Centrosome (contains centrioles) Forms the mitotic spindle during cell division

Cell Transport
Learning Outcome 3
Essential for cell nutrition, excretion of waste, and cell respiration
Can be either:

ACTIVE the cell uses energy to do this PASSIVE there is no energy expenditure from the cell FOUR mechanisms for transport:-

Transport Mechanisms
Diffusion:
*Passive transport

Molecules scatter evenly throughout an area and mover from a high to low concentration, eg O2 moves from capillaries into cell Large particles transported across the cell membrane by:
*Active transport energy is used

Bulk Transport:

Exocytosis - out Endocytosis - in Phagocytosis - eating Osmosis:

Diffusion of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane *Passive transport

Facilitated Diffusion when a substance uses a carrier molecule to help it across the membrane eg. Glucose

Transport mechanisms

Facilitated diffusion: Involves transport of substance through cell membrane by means of membrane carrier. Moves from high to low conc

Active transport: Movement of molecules and ions against their concentration gradients. From lower to higher concentrations. Requires energy

Intra/extracellular ion distribution

Ca2+

Cl-

- K+

Cl-

FIXED ANIONS

+ K
NA+

Cl-

+ NA

10 times more Sodium outside cell than inside 20 times more potassium inside cell than outside Also more calcium and chloride outside cell

Cell Respiration
All cells need energy for activity or metabolism, including breathing!
Chemical energy is used this is called ATP

ATP - Synthesised from Glucose and Oxygen in the cells mitachondria (gluocose + oxygen CO2 + H2O + ATP)
Called aerobic respiration When no O2 available, Glucose is converted to Lactic Acid to make ATP called ANEROBIC respiration

Cell Division
Essential for body growth and tissue repair
Process called MITOSIS

Nerve tissue, skeletal muscle and heart muscle lose there ability to divide when mature
Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells Each new cell has 23 pairs of Chromosomes

Meiosis
Is a specialised division of the sex cells these are the ovum and sperm. This type of division gives rise to non-identical cells which have half the number of chromosomes (23). Often called reduction division. Will be considered in the Principles of Inhertiance

4 Basic Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue
covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes) and forms glands

Muscular Tissue
generates the physical force needed to make the body move

Nervous Tissue
detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis

Connective Tissue
protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat and provides immunity

Epithelium
Continuous sheets of cells in either single or multiple layers
Simple squamous epith eg. Lining of vessels, heart, air sacs (filtration, diffusion, secretion and osmosis) Simple cuboidal epith, eg, ovary, kidney tubules, ducts of glands (secretion & absorption)

Blood supply is from surrounding connective tissue Covering/lining, glandular, stratified, ciliated look at these types in your book

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Others include; Compact Bone (support/protection/, contains blood forming tissue, movement) Blood (transport of nutrients and oxygen, immune responses) , Elastic Cartilage (support/shape eg. Ear lobe, epiglottis) Hyaline Cartilage (smooth surface for joint movment ends of bone, nose, fetal skeleton) Elastic CT, Aerolar CT (in dermis strength/support)

Muscle Tissue
3 distinct type;
Smooth muscle in walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach etc. Fibres are thicker in middle and taper at each end. Also called involuntary. Skeletal muscle attached to bones of skeleton and is striated (has light and dark sections). Also called voluntary muscle fibres Cardiac muscle looks like skeletal and is striated BUT it is involuntary as not controlled by conscious control , Are branched fibres with one centrally located nucleus.
Look at difference in structure of these 3 different types of muscle tissue and state which 2 are similar in structure.

Nervous Tissue
Contains nerve cells or neurons which are sensitive to stimuli and respond with impulses Also, the tissue contains supporting cells called neuroglia which support the neurons.

ORGANS
Definition: A structure composed of two or more tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body

Most organs represent all 4 tissue types. The arrangement of the tissues determines the organs structure and functional capabilities

BODY SYSTEMS
1. Make a list of the major body systems (male and female reproduction counts as 2) State the main function for each of the systems State the main organs included in each of the systems

2. 3.