RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATION

The term respiration includes 3 separate functions:

1. Ventilation:
Action of breathing with muscles and lungs.

2. Gas exchange:
Between air and capillaries in the lungs. Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the body.

3. 02 utilization:

Cellular respiration in mitochondria.

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Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Structural aspects in the process of respiration
1. The conduction portion 2. The exchange portion

The structures involved with ventilation

Skeletal & musculature, pleural membranes, & neural pathways

All divided into

1. Upper respiratory tract entrance to
larynx

2. Lower respiratory tract larynx to

alveoli (trachea to lungs)
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Conducting Zone
All the structures air passes through before reaching the respiratory zone. Warms and humidifies inspired air.
Filters and cleans:
Mucus secreted to trap particles in the inspired air. Mucus moved by cilia to be expectorated.
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(terminal)

The branching patterns of the airway

Respiratory Zone
Region of gas exchange between air and blood.
Bronchioles (respiratory) Alveoli

Red and blue represent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm:
Sheets of striated muscle divides anterior body cavity into 2 parts. Above diaphragm: thoracic cavity Below diaphragm: abdominopelvic cavity

Lungs normally remain in contact with the chest walls. Lungs expand and contract along with the thoracic cavity.
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Intrapleural space
Space between visceral and parietal pleurae The intrapleural space contains only a film of fluid secreted by the membranes.

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Intrapulmonary, Intrapleural & Transpulmonary Pressures

Intrapulmonary pressure:
Intra-alveolar pressure (pressure in the alveoli).

Intrapleural pressure:
Pressure in the intrapleural space. Pressure is negative, due to lack of air in the intrapleural space.

Intrapleural pressure:

Pressure difference across the wall of the lung. Intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure. Keeps the lungs against the chest wall.

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Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures

(continued)

During inspiration:
Atmospheric pressure is > intrapulmonary pressure (-3 mm Hg).

During expiration:
Intrapulmonary pressure (+3 mm Hg) is > atmospheric pressure.
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Boyles Law
Changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur as a result of changes in lung volume.
Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Increase in lung volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure.

Air goes in.

Decrease in lung volume, raises intrapulmonary pressure above atmosphere.

Air goes out.
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Hukum Boyle: volume bertambah saat tekanan kecil dan volume berkurang saat tekanan besar
Inspirasi Rongga dada membesar, paru-paru mengembang, volume bertambah dan tekanan udara kecil Ekspirasi Rongga dada mengecil, paru-paru mengempis, volume berkurang, dan tekanan udara besar

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Inspiration
Active process:
Contraction of diaphragm, increases thoracic volume vertically.

Parasternal and external intercostals contract, raising the ribs; increasing thoracic volume laterally. Pressure changes:
Alveolar changes from 0 to 3 mm Hg. Intrapleural changes from 4 to 6 mm Hg. Transpulmonary pressure = +3 mm Hg.
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 Expiration is a passive process.

After being stretched by contractions of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles; the diaphragm, thoracic muscles, thorax, and lungs recoil. Decrease in lung volume raises the pressure within alveoli above atmosphere, and pushes air out.

Expiration

Pressure changes:
Intrapulmonary pressure changes from 3 to +3 mm Hg. Intrapleural pressure changes from 6 to 3 mm Hg. Transpulmonary pressure = +6 mm Hg.

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Physical Properties of the Lungs

1. Compliance (stretchability): the ability of the lungs to expand 2. Elasticity: tendency to return to initial size after distension.
High content of elastin proteins

3. Surface tension: is a force generated in the surface of a liquid at a gasliquid interface.

Lungs secrete and absorb fluid, leaving a very thin film of fluid.
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Surface Tension
H20 molecules at the surface are attracted to other H20 molecules rather than to air. Surface tension tends to shrink the surface area of the interface, so the tendency for the alveolar surface area to shrink tends to decrease alveolar volume. Pressure in alveoli is directly proportional to surface tension; and inversely proportional to radius of alveoli (Laplace Law).
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Surfactant
Phospholipid produced by alveolar type II cells. Lowers surface tension.
Reduces attractive forces of hydrogen bonding surface tension
in alveoli is reduced.

As alveoli radius decreases, surfactants ability to lower surface tension increases.

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Pulmonary Function Tests

Assessed by spirometry. Subject breathes into a closed system in which air is trapped within a bell floating in H20. The bell moves up when the subject exhales and down when the subject inhales.

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Pulmonary disorders
Restrictive disorder:
Vital capacity is reduced. Less air in lungs. Black lung from coal mines. Pulmonary fibrosis: too much connective tissue.

Obstructive disorder:
Rate of expiration is reduced. Lungs are fine, but bronchi are obstructed.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): asthma, emphysema, Chronic bronchitis

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