Agro

SPL4202 AGROTECHNOLOGY
Credit to :
ASMAHANI ZAINAL ABIDIN AZURA ABDUL AZIZ RABINA ALLI PREPARED FOR : DR YAHYA BIN BUNTAT
http://tangkapgambar.blogspot.co m/
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DEFINITION OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect plants against frost. Additionally irrigation helps to suppress weed growing in rice fields. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed farming. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and subsurface water from a given area.
TYPE OF IRRIGITION
1) SURFACE IRRIGATION 2) LOCALIZED IRRIGATION 3) DRIP IRRIGATION 4) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION 5) CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION 6) LATERAL MOVE (SIDE ROLL, WHEEL LINE) IRRIGATION 7) SUB-IRRIGATION 8) MANUAL IRRIGATION USING BUCKETS OR WATERING CANS 9) AUTOMATIC, NON ELECTRIC IRRIGATION USING BUCKETS AND ROPES 10) IRRIGATION USING STONES TO CATCH WATER FROM HUMID AIR 11) DRY TERRACES FOR IRRIGATION AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
1)
a) Basin irrigation
SURFACE IRRIGATION
Level basin irrigation has historically been used in small areas having level surfaces that are surrounded by earth banks. The water is applied rapidly to the entire basin and is allowed to infiltrate.
b) Furrow irrigation
Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction of predominant slope. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of gravity. Water may be supplied using gated pipe, siphon and head ditch or bank less systems.
c) Bay / Border strip irrigation

Border strip or bay irrigation could be considered as a hybrid of level basin and furrow irrigation. The borders of the irrigated strip are longer and the strips are narrower than for basin irrigation and are orientated to align lengthwise with the slope of the field. The water is applied to the top end of the bay, which is usually constructed to facilitate free-flowing conditions at the downstream end. One common use of this technique includes the irrigation of pasture for dairy production.
2) LOCALIZED IRRIGATION
Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip irrigation, spray or microsprinkler irrigation and bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation methods.
3)
DRIP IRRIGATION
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation is an irrigation method which minimizes the use of water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Variable-flow irrigation sprinkler head
4)
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system. a) Hand Move or Portable Sprinkler System
These systems employ a lateral pipeline with sprinklers installed at regular intervals
b) Side Roll System

This system is a variation on the hand-moved lateral sprinkler line. The lateral line is mounted on wheels, with the pipe forming the axle (specially strengthened pipe and couplers are used)
c) Traveling Gun System

This system utilizes a high volume, high pressure sprinkler ("gun") mounted on a trailer, with water being supplied through a flexible hose or from an open ditch along which the trailer passes. The gun may be operated in a stationary position for the desired time, and then moved to the next location
d) Center Pivot and Linear Move System The center pivot system consists of a single sprinkler lateral supported by a series of towers. The towers are selfpropelled so that the lateral rotates around a pivot point in the center of the irrigated area.
e) LEPA System
Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) systems are similar to linear move irrigation systems, but are different enough to deserve separate mention of their own
f) Solid Set and Permanent System
Solid set systems are similar in concept to the hand-move lateral sprinkler system, except that enough laterals are placed in the field that it is not necessary to move pipe during the season
Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length
5) Center Pivot Irrigation
6) Lateral Move ( side roll, wheel line ) irrigation
A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together at one edge of a field. Water is supplied at one end using a large hose
Sub-irrigation also sometimes called seepage irrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants root zone. Subirrigation is also used in commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants. Water is delivered from below, absorbed upwards, and the excess collected for recycling
7) Sub- irrigation
8) Manual irrigation using buckets or watering cans
These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment but need high labor inputs. Irrigation using watering cans is to be found for example in per-urban agriculture around large cities in some African
countries.
Using plain polyester ropes combined with a prepared ground mixture can be used to water plants from a vessel filled with water. The ground mixture would need to be made depending on the plant itself, yet would mostly consist of black potting soil, vermiculite and perlite
9) Automatic, non electric irrigation using buckets and ropes
10) Irrigation using stones to catch water from humid air
In countries where at night, humid air sweeps the countryside, stones are used to catch water from the humid air by condensation. This is for example practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote
11)Dry terraces for irrigation and water distribution
In subtropical countries as Mali and Senegal, a special type of terracing (without flood irrigation or intent to flatten farming ground) is used. Here, a 'stairs' is made through the use of ground level differences which helps to decrease water evaporation and also distributes the water to all patches (sort of irrigation).
BENEFIT OF IRRIGATION
Promotes seed germination Promotes plant growth Helps assure crop yields (prevent failures) Promotes pleasing environment Prevents loss (death) of plants Provides attractive recreation areas Promotes safety in recreation Reduces fire danger Efficient application of fertilizer, pesticides, etc. Reduces dust, pollen, and other particulate Helps modify extreme temperatures and protect plants SPL4202 AGROTECHNOLOGY
PROBLEM IN IRRIGATION
Competition for surface water rights. Depletion of underground aquifers. Ground subsidence (e.g. New Orleans, Louisiana) Under-irrigation gives poor salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with consequent build up of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either leaching to remove these salts and a method of drainage to carry the salts away or use of mulch to minimize evaporation. Over-irrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution. Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) may result in rising water tables which in some instances will lead to problems of irrigation salinity. Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure.
DEFINITION OF DRAINAGE
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies. During rain or irrigation, the fields become wet. The water infiltrates into the soil and is stored in its pores. When all the pores are filled with water, the soil is said to be saturated and no more water can be absorbed; when rain or irrigation continues, pools may form on the soil surface
CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE
The function of the field drainage system is to control the water table, whereas the function of the main drainage system is to collect, transport, and dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. In some instances one makes an additional distinction between collector and main drainage systems. Field drainage systems are differentiated in surface and subsurface field drainage systems.
classifies the various types of drainage systems. It shows the field (or internal) and the main (or external) systems. http://tangkapgambar.blogspot.co m/
1)
SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The regular surface drainage systems, which start functioning as soon as there is an excess of rainfall or irrigation, operate entirely by gravity. They consist of reshaped or reformed land surfaces and can be divided into: Bedded systems, used in flat lands for crops other than rice; Graded systems, used in sloping land for crops other than rice. The bedded and graded systems may have ridges and furrows
2)
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the rootzone. It is accomplished by deep open drains or buried pipe drains Deep open drains The excess water from the rootzone flows into the open drains .The disadvantage of this type of subsurface drainage is that it makes the use of machinery difficult. Pipe drains Pipe drains are buried pipes with openings through which the soil water can enter. The pipes convey the water to a collector drain
TYPE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
a) A tube well drainage system consists of a network of tube wells to lower the water table, including provisions for running the pumps, and surface drains to dispose of the excess water
b)
Mole drainage systems (horizontal drainage) A mole drain is an unlined underground drainage channel, formed by pulling a solid object, usually a solid cylinder with a wedge-shaped point at the end, through the soil at the proper slope and depth, without a trench having to be dug
c) Open drainage systems (horizontal drainage, also called ditch drainage) An open drain is a channel with an exposed water surface that conveys overland flow as well as subsurface flow. Open drains combine surface and subsurface drainage functions. The main disadvantages of open drainage systems are: (i) land loss; (ii) interference with the irrigation; (iii) splitting-up of the land into small units; (iv) hampering (mechanised) farming operation; (v) relatively frequent maintenance requirements.
d)
Pipe drainage systems (horizontal drainage, also called tile drainage) A pipe drain is a buried pipe (regardless of material, size or shape) that conveys excess groundwater to control the water table at a desired depth.
Basic Pattern For Subsurface Drainage
a)
Random The random pattern is suitable for undulating or rolling land containing isolated wet areas, such as potholes in glacial till soil areas. The main drain is usually placed in the swales rather than in the deep cuts through ridges
b)
Parallel The parallel pattern consists of parallel lateral drains located perpendicular to the main drain. The laterals in the pattern are spaced at any interval consistent with site conditions. This pattern is used on flat, regularly shaped fields and on uniform soil.
c) Herringbone The herringbone pattern consists of parallel laterals that enter the main at an angle,usually from both sides. The main is located on the major slope of the land, and the laterals are angled upstream on a grade. The herringbone pattern can provide the needed drainage for the less permeable soils found in narrow depressions.
d) Double main
The double main pattern is a modification of the parallel and herringbone patterns. It is applicable where a depression, frequently a watercourse, divides the field in which drains are to be installed. This pattern is sometimes chosen where the depressional area is wet because of seepage coming from higher ground. Placing a main on each side of the depression allows the main to intercept the seepage water and to provide an outlet for the laterals.
BENEFIT OF AGRICULTURE DRAINAGE

Benefits of agricultural drainage can be divided into direct, associated and secondary benefits: Direct benefits: Increase in yield due to absence of water logging; Increase in yield due to reduced soil salinity. Associated benefits: Better access to fields for mechanized operations resulting in lower production costs and reduced risk that activities cannot be carried out on time; Opportunity to grow other, higher value, crops; Opportunity to grow an extra crop each year. Secondary benefits: Controlling a Stalinization process will also stop environmental deterioration; Deeper groundwater levels will facilitate sanitation in an area and thus improve public health; Removal of standing water will reduce or eliminate water-borne diseases and thus improve public health.

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SPL4202 AGROTECHNOLOGY

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

c) Bay / Border strip irrigation

Variable-flow irrigation sprinkler head

b) Side Roll System

c) Traveling Gun System

f) Solid Set and Permanent System

5) Center Pivot Irrigation

6) Lateral Move ( side roll, wheel line ) irrigation

8) Manual irrigation using buckets or watering cans

9) Automatic, non electric irrigation using buckets and ropes

10) Irrigation using stones to catch water from humid air

11)Dry terraces for irrigation and water distribution

SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

TYPE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE

Basic Pattern For Subsurface Drainage

BENEFIT OF AGRICULTURE DRAINAGE

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