Plumbing Systems

Dr. Ahmed El-Sheemy

Mechanical Power Engineering Department. Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University ahmedelsheemy2@yahoo.com

Building Plumbing Functions

(1) providing drainage and water for sanitation and potable water needs, (2) disposal of precipitation falling on the building (stormwater system).

Old disposal systems

Urban dwellers gutters.

In rural areas
Lakes Rivers cesspool Disadvantage of these old system 1- health hazard

2- illegal in the present time

Components of Modern Sanitation Systems

1. A distribution system of piping that supplies water to the fixtures 2. The fixtures at which the water is consumed or used 3. Another piping system that drains the used water away 4. Natural gas piping

Utility Connections at The Building Boundary

Potable water supply (and meter) Sanitary drain Storm drain Natural gas supply

Plumbing codes
. International Plumbing Code. International Code Council. National Standard Plumbing Code. National Association of Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling Contractors. Southern Standard Plumbing Code. Southern Building Code Congress. Uniform Plumbing Code. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).

Objectives of Plumbing Codes

protect the health and safety of building occupants against the followings:

inadvertent contamination of the water supply, contamination of the air due to the escape of sewage gas, and chronically blocked drains due to improper size or pitch.

Water Supply Sources

Lake (after treatment) River (after treatment) Groundwater Spring Pond (after treatment)

Quality of Supply Water

Mineral contents PH level Organics contamination

Turbidity Bacteria

Supply Water Distribution Systems (Up-feed)

3.5 to 4.5 bar

Supply Water Distribution Systems (Down-feed)

STORAGE TANK MATERIAL (3/9)* Concrete (with interior ceramic tiles) Galvanized Sheet Metal with outsid painting (2 primer layers and 3 painting layers) Stainless steel Fiber-glass lined with polyethylene (*) Number of Egyptian Plumbing Cod(1/301) 2002 (1) Tanks should be insulated either by insulation material or by double wall with min 60 cm spacing

common

Air Vent FC (3/12/2)*

FLV(3/13/4)*

GV (3/13/4)* Over Flow Gravity Tank AV (3/16/2)*

(3/12/9)*

GV

Roof GV (3/13/3)* GV (3/13/4)*

P=9810*H/100000 P: Pressure [bar] H: Height [m]

Separate Pipes (3/10/4)*

3rd Floor GV (3/13/3)*

2nd Floor GV (3/13/3)*

D Distribution Pipe

To Drainage System FLV (3/13/4)* GV (3/13/4)*

Air Vent FC (3/12/2)* Over Flow

1st Floor Pump

GV (3/13/1)*

GV

Receiving Tank (3/12)* GV GV

WMA (3/13/2)*

Supply Water System Components

Rooftop Tank

Advantage

Disadvantage

Provide reserve storage in case of an electrical power shortage. An upfeed distribution system requires a standby power source.

Greater structure support is required. Periodic cleaning is required.

Building Service Hot Water (BSHW)

Types Storage-Type Tankless-Type

Water Heater Capacity Rating

Comparison

Storage Type

Tankless Type

Suitable for large capacity demands.

Eliminate standby losses from hot water tanks:

Tank losses. Supply pipe losses.

Limited for small capacity demands.

Water Heater Temperature Classification

180 oF (82 oC):

Minimum temperature needed for sanitizing rinse. For General-purpose cleaning and food preparation. For showers.

140 oF (60 oC):

105 oF to 120 oF (41 oC to 49 oC):

Distribution Systems

Without recirculation pump. With Recirculation pump.

Piping Materials

Copper Piping:

Types: (K, L and M) Characterized by high resistance to Corrosion. Soft temper tube permits changes in direction without the use of fittings.

Plastic Piping:

Types: (PE, ABS, PVC, AND PVDC) Characterized by high resistance to Corrosion. PVDC is suitable for hot water supply up to 82oC.

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal Lavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal Lavatory

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal Lavatory

Sink
Wash fountains

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal Lavatory

Sink
Wash fountains Drinking fountains

Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Bidet Urinal Lavatory

Sink
Wash fountains Drinking fountains Showers Bath tube

Traps
Traps are required in order to isolate the sewer purification gases from the interior rooms

SANITARY PIPING

Waste stacks Soil stacks Vent stacks Branch waste lines Branch soil lines Branch vents Floor drains Clean-outs Fresh-air inlet

Sanitary Piping

Piping

Material

Cast Iron DWV Copper Plastic

Travels under Gravity Downward 45o Elbow Pitched Towards Stack

1/8 in/ft in/ft in/ft 45o

Vent

They relieve any potential vacuum that might suck all the water out of a trap. They lead sewer gas pressure safely out of the building. The presence of fresh air circulating through the drain and sewer lines reduces corrosion and the growth of slime. Venting aids the flow of large volumes of liquid through the drainpipes by relieving air pressure that could build up ahead of the water as it moves.

Vent

maximum length of drain pipe between the trap and an air vent is limited to 48 times the pipe diameter. the end of a vent stack must extend at least 1 foot (30 cm) above the roof surface, as well as 3 feet (90 cm) or more above any nearby window It should be at least 10 feet (3 m) from any windows and S feel (I.S m) above any occupied roof deck.

Interior Space Planning

In subfreezing weather, Plumbing pipes should never be installed in exterior walls. Locating plumbing fixtures back to back or one above the other where possible. All fixtures in a given room should be placed along the same wall. Drain stacks are grouped in plumbing chase.

Interior Space Planning

The pipe risers for smaller groupings or isolated fixtures can be integrated with structural columns as wet column. Entrances and/or partitions need to be arranged so that the view from the corridor to the soil fixtures is blocked.

accommodations for handicapped persons.

the provision of at least one handicapped-type water closet and lavatory in each public toilet room, wider water closet stalls for easier maneuvering, grab bars at water closets and bathing facilities, extra-wide entrance and stall doors for wheelchair passage, and a minimum 5-foot-(l.5-m-) diameter clear space within the room for wheelchair turning.

Floor Drains

Floor drains are employed to carry away water used in washing floors. They are necessary in areas like:

of food preparation and cooking, mechanical rooms, and toilet rooms.

They are also needed in storage closets and any other spaces that are sprinklered for fire protection.

Clean-Outs

Clean-outs must be placed no more than 50 feet (15 m) apart in branch lines and building drains up to 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter Lines larger than 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter must have cleanouts not more than 100 feet (30 m) apart. at every change in direction greater than 45, and at the point where the building drain leaves the building.

Interceptors

catch hair, grease, or a variety of other troublesome waste materials from industrial processes. the grease floats to the top and is trapped between baffles as the remaining fluid waste continues on through.

Backwater Valves

The device prevents the backflow of sewage from the upper stories into the lower sanitary branch

Private Sewage Disposal

Septic Tank

The tank capacity is sized so as to allow the waste to remain in the tank for at least 16 hours before being displaced by incoming sewage.