EXISTS
Pm
Pm Pm
REMARKS
Base metal, genarally near mid thickness of section.
,, Base metal surface, often at all times longitudinal.
Lamellar tears
Cracks Crater cracks Fissures Stray flash Spatters
Pm
Pm, Wm Wm/Pm Wm Wm Pm Pm
Globular weld particles ejected out of an arc zone & scattered shabbily around over the base metal.
Pm = Parent metal; Wm = Weld metal; Pm/Wm = Junction of weld & base metal Continued...
Pm = Parent metal; Wm = Weld metal; Pm/Wm = Junction of weld & base metal Weld decay & stress corrosion cracks Oxidation Craters Underfill Undercut Pm Precipitation of chromium carbide in austenitic stainless steels & severely degrading the corrosion resistance property in HAZ; which may also be associated with the stress corrosion cracks. Inadequacy in gas shield or gas purge from the root side causes a heavy black scale or an extremely rough crinkled appearance.
Wm Wm Wm
An unfilled concave crater causes a point of stress raiser. Inadequate weld metal filling and causing weakness. concentration.
Wm/Pm Groove made by the arc force & left unfilled, causes severe stress
Overlap
Lack of fusion Lack of penetration Solid particle inclusion Gas inclusion
Wm, Lack of union between the two weld beads or weld & base metal Wm/Pm causes stress concentration. Pm Wm Wm
Inadequacy of through thickness fusion depth. Trapped slag particle, tungsten or oxide (Al2O3) in weld.
Gas voids contained within the weld causes: Blow hole, Gas pore, Piping, Worm holes, Linear, Clustered or Scattered porasity.
- due to segregation
Lamellar Tearing:
The dilution:
Dilution% = Pm / Wm X 100
Wm Fm
, ,
Too low or high heat input both may equally be proved detrimental.
::
That is
W/P
P
W/P>1
W/P<1
Carbon equivalent
Lesser than 0.40% Greater than 0.40% Up to 0.55%
Recommended procedure
Any electrode may be used, no problem up to the combined thickness of 50mm. Preheat 100 to 200 0C or switch over to the basic electrode. Preheat 200 to 350 0C or switch over to the basic electrode with reduced temp.
Abov 0.55%
Use only the basic electrode & also preheat 200 350 0C or switch over to stainless steel electrode of high ferrite.
C eq% = C% +
= 350
[C]e - 0.25
Ni% + 18
7Mo% 90
t = Thickness in mm
Preheat Temp. for C & C-Mn Steel only:
0F
Undercut is an erosion of the base metal next to the toe of the weld
face. It appears in radiograph as a dark irregular line on outer edge of the weld.
Root undercut is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the
weld. It appears in radiographic images as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow the straight edge
Cold lap is a condition where the weld metal does not fuse with the
base metal or the previous weld bead (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal and causes the molten puddle to flow into the base metl without the proper bonding.
Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes weld to
pierce through. Lumps of weld metal sag through the seam creating a thick globular condition on the root face. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.
through the joint. Allows a linear stress riser like discontinuity from which a crack may initiate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark well-defined straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of a joint.
Gas inclusion
Gas pore _ singular. Blowhole _ singular. Scattered Porasity. Cluster Porasity. Linear Porasity. Piping.
Fine Severe
Worm holes.
The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two mismatched pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.
Transvers distortion.
Distortion:
Remedy:
only to minimise.
&
Obviously the poor fit-up demands more metal to be filled in and thus the more shrinkage / distortion.
GA
RF RO
Effective throat area gets reduced in proportion to the root gap and an over welding by 1.6mm to a 6 mm given fillet size, the cross section area of weld increases by a margin of 56%.
W W