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Legi sl ati ng for (or Aga inst ?

) the Mor o:
A F or um w ith La wyers, La w St udent s and
Paralega ls
Janua ry 8 , 2 006, Pacific Heig hts , Co tab ato Cit y

Orga nized by th e Bangs amoro Lawy ers ’ Net wo rk


Thru Sentro ng Alt ern atibon gL in gap Panlig al (SA LIGA N)
With the Fin anci al Assis tance fr om: The Asia Fou nda ti on (TAF)

Atty. A lg am ar A. La ti ph
Musli m Leg al Found ati on, I nc.
Ant i-D iscri mi nat ion
Bi ll

Ho use Bill No. 321 6


Spo nso re d by Rep . Mu ji v Ha ta man
An ak Min dan ao Par ty- Lis t
Fil ed on October 27, 20 04
LEGAL BASIS
Legal Basis of Anti -D is cri mi nati on un der its Exp lanator y
Note

 Eq ual Protection Clau se (Sec. 1, Art . I II, 1987 C onst.)

 Social Justi ce (Sec . 10, Art . I I, 1987 Cons t.)

 Incorp ora ti on C laus e (s ec. 2, Art. II, Con st.)

 The Phili ppin es adopts th e gen er ally acc ept ed prin ci ple s
of in te rn ati on al la w

 Inter nation al Cove nants on Ec onomic, Soci al and Cu ltu ra l


Ri gh ts/Ci vi l and Pol iti ca l Ri gh ts
EQUAL PROTECTION
Equ al Pro te ction Cl au se

 One of the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people under


the Preamble of the 1987 Constitution is “equality”

 “No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law.”


(Sec. 1, Art. III)

Co ncep t of Eq ual P rotect io n Cla us e

 "No person or class of persons shall be denied the same


protection of the laws which is enjoyed by other persons or
other classes in the same place and in like circumstances".
(Tolentino vs. The Board Of Accountancy, 1951 September 28,
G.R. No. L-3062 citing Missouri vs. Lewis, 101 U. S. 22, 31.)
Rea so nabl e Cl as si fica ti on

It is an established principle of constitutional law that the


guaranty of the equal protection of the laws is not violated by
a legislation based on reasonable classification. (People vs.
Cayat 1939 (May 06, ___ G.R. No. 45987 citing Borgnis vs.
Falk Co., 133 N. W., 209; Lindsley vs. Natural Carbonic Gas
Co., 220 U. S., 61; 55 Law. ed., 369; Rubi vs. Provincial Board
of Mindoro, 39 Phil., 660; People and Hongkong & Shanghai
Banking Corporation vs. Vera and Cu Unjieng, 37 Off. Gaz.,
187.)

The cla ssi ficati on, to be reas onabl e:

1. must rest on substantial distinctions;


2. must be germane to the purposes of the law;
3. must not be limited to existing conditions only; and
4. must apply equally to all members of the same class.
Sp ecia l Pr ovi si ons on Eq ua l Prot ecti on
un der th e 19 87 Co nst it ut ion

 Political Rights
 Social Justice
 Equal Protection of Mother and her Fetus
 Gender Equality
 Cultural Equality
Po li tical Ri gh ts

 “The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities to


public service.” (Sec. 26, Art. II, Const.)

 “Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free form
any form of harassment and discrimination.” (Sec. 10, Art. IX,
Const.)

So cia l Ju st ice

 “The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of


the measures that protect the and enhance the right of all the
people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably
diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
(Sec. 1, Art XIII,id.)
Soc ial Jus tic e As A Const it ut io nal Ri ght

 Not a self-executing rights unlike civil and political


rights under the Bill of Rights. (Bernas, Joaquin, The
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines:
A Commentary 1060, 1996 ed. )

 The word used is “highest priority” not an


enforceable right. There must be an enabling law.
(id.)

 Under the Social Justice title are: Labor, Agrarian


and Natural Resources, Urban Land Reform and
Housing, Health, Women, Role and Rights of People
Organization, and Human Rights
 The goal is to “reduce” not remove inequalities
which by themselves are not evil. (id.)

 Cultural inequalities, however, are evil and


therefore must be “removed.” (id. citing II
RECORD 737-738). But under Art. XIV states that
the culture referred thereto are:

1. “Fi li pin o nation al cult ure.” (S ec . 14)

3. “ Nation’s his tori ca l, and cultu ral herit age and


re sourc es .” (S ec. 15)

3. “C ou ntry ’s arti sti c and historic we alt h.” (S ec. 16)

4. “Ri gh ts of in dige nou s cu ltu ra l com munities to


pre serv e their cu lture s, tra dit ion s and in stitu tions.”
Sec. 17)
Equ al Pro te ction of Mothe r an d her Fet us

“[The State] shall equally protect the life of the mother and the
life of the unborn from conception.” (Sec. 12, Art. II, Const.)

Gend er Eq ua li ty

“ [The State] shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law
of women and men.” (Sec. 14, Art. 2, Const.)

Cu ltu ral Equ ali ty

“Equal access to cultural opportunities.” (Sec. 18, Art. XIV)


The Phili ppine Flag

 8 rays represent the eight provinces that


were the first to rise against Spain

 Attempts to add 2 rays each for Muslim


Mindanao and Cordilleras but this was
rejected in the Committee (Bernas)
Musl ims a nd Mo ro
Mal edi cta (Wo rd s o f H ate):
Histo ri cal Ro ots
MUS LI MS

 As early as Adam and Eve

 Muslims were lineal descendants of Cain murdering his brother Abel. Forced
to dwell in east heaven, the East (Levant). (The constant conflict between
East and West)

 Saint Bede in 8th century had stated the danger and evil of Islam. Muslims
are the descendants of Hagar the concubine of Prophet Abraham. Christians
are descendants of Abraham from his lawful wife and begotten son Isaac.

 Byzantine Empire scholars branded Muslims particularly Moros, Bebers,


Arabs and Turks (and even today some books would refer to Muslims) as:

 Agarenes
 Ishmaelite
 Sons of Ishmael
 Race born of slaves
 Sons of Cain
 Misbegotten
MOR O

Iberi an Peni nsul a (Sp ain )

 In 720, Tarif Bin Malik crossed the Mediterranean Sea to the Iberian
Peninsula

 They were called as Moors or Moros

 In 1492, Granada fell to the hands of the combined Kingdoms of Castile


and Aragon Queen Isabelle/King Ferdinand. Both Muslims and Jews
were forcefully ejected from Spain

 In 1521, Magellan landed in the Philippines

 In 1571, Spaniards defeated Raja Sulaiman

 In 1578, Capt. Estreban Figueroa expedition and attached Mindanao and


Jolo that started the Moro-Spanish War which extended for 3 centuries
Mor o Etym olog y

 The etymology of Moros according to some historians came from the


word Maures which means in Latin as “black”. When Romans landed in
Northern Africa in 43 BC they saw people of black skin they called them
Maurus. Thus, at first it is a racial slur referring to color of skin.
(Mauritania land of black people)

 Moors, Moros, Moriscos (little Moros, those Moros who were converted to
Christianity) by Edict of Queen Isabelle it was change to Mudejares
(subjugated)

 Moros “have the outward appearance of a man, for the best of you are
beast”

 Moro was a tag “chosen for him by his enemy and not himself, and was
the result of animosity, warfare and resistance for foreign pressure.”
(Salah AlJubair)

 “they were feared and hated by the Filipinos. They were feared and
hated by the Spaniards” (Vic Hurley 1935 cited by Marohomsalic )
 Mal edi cta en du res be cause
the y we re immo rtali zed by

 paintings (Battle of Lepanto, Juan Luna)

 dances/play (Moro-Moro)

 Music

 books

 poems

 orations

 odes

 other medium of communication


Sa lient Fea tur es of the Bill

 It defines discrimination

 It specifies various acts of discrimination

 It penalizes discrimination

 Its subject is discrimination against Moro, Muslim,


Indigenous people/person

 It seeks to provide equal opportunities for Moro,


Muslim, Indigenous people/person
Co nt ent

 Short Title (Sec. 1)

 Declaration of Policy (Sec. 2)

 Definition and Acts Constituting Discrimination (Sec. 3)

 Repealing Clause(Sec. 4)

 Effectivity Clause (Sec. 5)


Decla ra tio n of Po lic y
 To maintain peace and order

 To protect life, life and property

 To promote General Welfare

 To promote and recognize Social Justice

 To recognize and promote the rights of indigenous


people
Act/s o f D iscr imi na ti on a nd its
Pe na lti es

Th e te rm “d iscr imin at ion” as used in this Act


sh al l mean an y di st in ct io n, ex clu si on or
rest rict ion made on the ba si s of bei ng
Mu sli m/Mo ro peo ple an d/or In di gen ous Pe opl es
wh ich has the effect or pu rp ose o f impa ir ing or
nul lif yin g th e re co gni tio n, enjo ym en t or e xer ci se
by th em, on a n e qua l footin g, of huma n ri gh ts
an d fund amenta l fre ed oms in th e p oliti cal ,
eco nomi c, so cial , cultur al , civi l or an y oth er
fiel d, esp eci al ly in cl ud ing but not limi ted to
emp lo yme nt , li ve li hood, housi ng , ed ucatio n an d
ba si c ser vi ces. ( 2n d par ., Sec. 3 )
An y per so n, in cl ud ing an y go ver nmen t
or pr iva te corp orati on officer resp onsi bl e for
po licy, w ho comm its discr imin at ion ag ai nst
Mu sli ms/MO RO pe ople an d/o r In digen ous
Peo pl es in Mi nd an ao an d el sewh ere in the
Ph il ipp in es sh al l be pu nish ed by imp ri so nmen t
for a per iod of not le ss than thi rty day s no r
mo re than si x mo nths an d/or a f in e o r not les s
tha n te n th ousa nd peso s nor mo re than one
hu ndred th ousa nd peso s, tak in g in to
consid er ati on the cir cu mst an ces and gravi ty of
the offense. ( 1st pa r., Sec. 3 )
El ement s of Di scri min at ion (u nder the Bil l)

 That the of fend er has co mmit te d an act cons titu tin g


uneq ual and u nf air d istin ction , ex cl us ion or res tri ction ;

 That the of fend er in te nded or th e act has t he ef fect of


imp airi ng or nul li fyi ng the reco gni tion , enjoymen t or
exe rci se of hu man ri gh ts , th e p ol iti ca l, econ omi c,
social, cul tur al, an d civil r ig hts or any oth er fields
es peci ally incl ud ing but not l imit ed to emp loymen t,
liveli ho od, housing , ed ucation and b as ic se rv ices ; an d

 That such act is di rect ed again st a Musli m, Moro or


Indig enous peop le/ pers on .
Person/s Li abl e

 Natural person

 Government officer

 Private corporation officer

Pena lti es Imp osed

 IMP RISO NMEN T for not less than 30 days nor more
than 6 months; and/or

 FI NE ranging from 10,000 to 100,000


Obs ervatio ns On

 Language

 Legality

 Liability
Langu ag e
 Mus lim, Mo ro, IP shoul d be d efined und er the bill

 The w ord s “d is ti nc tion, excl usi on and rest ri ctio n” must defi ned or
othe r l ega l t erm sho uld b e em ployed

 To ret hi nk whet he r “human ri ght s, the polit ical, ec ono mic, soc ial,
cul tura l, a nd ci vil ri ght s” sho uld be mai nt ai ned c onsi dering t hat these
are al read y sep aratel y penali zed by othe r laws reg ard less whet her
one i s a Mus lim, Mo ro or I P

 Eq ual acc ess/ pro tect ion on em ploy ment , livel ihood , housi ng ,
ed uc ation, and basi c serv ic es coul d be m ai nt ained but t he re might
be other fi el ds whi ch coul d be inc lud ed

 “ eq ual fo ot ing ” whi ch is not a l egal term sho uld b e del eted a nd
anot her p hrase und er the co mpass of “equal ity” or “f air” shoul d b e
inst ead ut ilized

 “ rec og ni tion, e nj oy ment or exerci se” is a surp lusag e and sho uld b e
del et ed ins tead the “i mpai ri ng or nul lifyi ng ” shoul d b e m ai nt ained
but “d epriv ing ”, “abri dging ”, “p rohi biting ”, “d eny ing ”, among others,
coul d be u tilized
Lega li ty

 Equal Protection Clause/Class Legislation

 There must be a valid and reasonable classification


 Limited only to Muslim, Moro, IP

 Vague

 To make the broad terms used specific


 No enumeration of specific acts (refer to other penal laws eg Sexual
Harassment Law)

Liab ili ty

 “Any person, including any government or private corporation


officer responsible for policy” should be rephrased
Rec ommenda tions

 To include other class of people which are similarly


situated

 The terms used must be defined, specified and


narrowed

 To reduce the discriminatory acts which are already


penalized under existing laws

 To limit the scope of the acts of discrimination to


pass the test of constitutionality
-
Sal ama t…….

Thank yo u f or liste ning……. .

Salaam ….

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