Contingency Table Using Chi-Square test (2 - Test)

Test of Independence

Chi-Square Test (2 - Test)

Chi-Square (2) Test is used to test claims about categorical data consisting of frequency counts for different categories (attributes). Common applications of a 2 Test.
Goodness-of-fit Test: used to test the hypothesis that an observed frequency distribution fits (or conforms to) some claimed distribution. Contingency Tables: Independence and Homogeneity: A contingency table (two-way frequency table) is a table in which frequencies correspond to two variables. (one variable is used to categorize rows, and a second variable is used to categorize columns)

Contingency Tables
Test of Independence: Test the null hypothesis that the row variable and the column variable in a contingency table are not related (the null hypothesis is the statement that the row and column variables are independent/not related/not associated). Null Hypothesis: Ho: Variable A is independent from variable B Variable A and variable B are independent Variable A is not related to variable B Variable A and variable B are not related

Contingency Tables
An r c contingency table shows the observed frequencies for two variables and arranged in r rows and c columns. The intersection of a row and column is called a cell.

2 x 5 contingency table

Row 1 Row 2 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5

Contingency Tables
Favorite way to eat ice cream
Gender Cup Cone Sundae Sandwich Other

Male Female

600 410

288 340

204 180

24 20

84 50

The observed frequencies in the interior of a contingency table are called joint frequencies.

Contingency Tables
Favorite way to eat ice cream
Gender Male Cup 600 Cone 288 Sundae Sandwich 204 24 Other 84 Row Total 1200

Female Column Total

410 1010

340 628

180 384

20 44

50 134

1000 n = 2200

The sum of each row and column in a contingency table are called marginal frequencies.

Finding Expected Frequencies (fe)

Contingency Tables
Favorite way to eat ice cream
Gender Male Female Column Total Cup 600 410 1010 Cone 288 340 628 Sundae Sandwich 204 180 384 24 20 44 Other 84 50 134 Row Total 1200 1000 n = 2200

Male Cup: Male Cone: Male Sundae: Male Sandwich : Male Other:

(1200 1010) 2200 = 550.91 = 551 (1200 628) 2200 = 342.55 = 343 (1200 384) 2200 = 209.45 = 209 (1200 44) 2200 = 24 (1200 134) 2200 = 73.09 = 73

Contingency Tables
Favorite way to eat ice cream
Gender Male Female Column Total Cup 600 410 1010 Cone 288 340 628 Sundae Sandwich 204 180 384 24 20 44 Other 84 50 134 Row Total 1200 1000 n = 2200

Female Cup: Female Cone: Female Sundae: Female Sandwich: Female Other:

(1000 1010) 2200 = 459.09 = 459 (1000 628) 2200 = 285.45 = 285 (1000 384) 2200 = 174.55 = 175 (1000 44) 2200 = 20 (1000 134) 2200 = 60.91 = 61

Contingency Tables
Gender Favorite Male Cup Male Cone Male Sundae Male Sandwich Male Other Female Cup Female Cone Female Sundae Female Sandwich Female Other Observed Frequency (fo) 600 288 204 24 84 410 340 180 20 50 Expected Frequency (fe) 551 343 209 24 73 459 285 175 20 61

Gender Favorite Male Cup Male Cone Male Sundae Male Sandwich Male Other Female Cup Female Cone Female Sundae Female Sandwich

Female Other

(fo) 600 288 204 24 84 410 340 180 20 50

(fe) (fo fe) (fo fe)2 fe 551 49 (49)2 551 = 4.2575 343 55 (-55)2 343 = 8.8192 209 5 (-5)2 209 = 0.1196 24 0 (0)2 24 = 0.0000 73 11 (11)2 73 = 1.6575 459 49 (-49)2 459 = 5.2309 285 55 (55)2 285 = 10.6140 175 5 (5)2 175 = 0.1429 20 0 (0)2 20 = 0.0000 61 11 (-11)2 61 = 1.9836 2 = 32.8252

Critical Region
= 5% = 0.05 df = (row 1)(column 1) df = (2 1)(5 1) = (1)(4) = 4

Critical Region
CRITICAL REGION

REJECT HO

DO NOT REJECT HO
9.488 DECISION: REJECT HO 2 = 32.8252

Ho: Favorite way to eat ice cream and gender, are independent. H1: Favorite way to eat ice cream and gender, are dependent.
Conclusion: Favorite way to eat ice cream and gender are dependent. Interpretation: This indicates that males prefer cup and other as their favorite way to eat ice cream than females as expected while females prefer cone as their favorite way to eat ice cream than males as expected.