Definition of Electromagnetics : the study of electric and magnetic

phenomena caused by electric charges at rest or in motion.

Two kinds of charges : positive & negative.

Field : spatial distribution of a quantity, which may or may not be a
function of time. Time-
varying electric and magnetic fields are coupled, resulting in an
electromagnetic fields.

Fields and waves help explain action at a distance.
Overview
EE 354
Electromagnetics
Chapter 1

Maxwells equation in integral form
Coulombs law
Like charges repel, unlike
charges attract.
for the magnitude of the electrostatic
force between point charges





SI unit : Newton, [N]

1 2
2
q q
F k
r
=
9 2 2
8.99 10 / k N m C =
Coulombs Law
Force from many charges
+
41
F
31
F
21
F
Q
1
-
Q
2
+
Q
4
-
Q
3
41 31 21 1
F F F F + + =
Force on charge is vector sum of
forces from all charges
Principle of
superposition
Coulombs Law
Superposition
The electric force on one charge due to two or more other charges is the vector
sum of each individual force









Spherical charge distributions
A spherical distribution of charge, when viewed from outside, behaves the same
as an equivalent charge at the center of the sphere.
Coulombs Law
Electric and Magnetic Constants
In the equations describing electric and magnetic fields and their
propagation, three constants are normally used. One is the speed of light c,
and the other two are the electric permittivity of free space and the
magnetic permeability of free space, . The magnetic permeability of free
space is taken to have the exact value



and then the electric permittivity takes the value given by the relationship



This gives a value
Electric Field
Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The
direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it
would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is
radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a
negative point charge.
Definition:
The electric field E that exists at a point is the electrostatic force F
experienced by a small test charge q
0
placed at that point divided by the
charge itself.



Direction of electric field
- A positive charge experiences a force in the direction of E
- A negative charge experiences a force in the opposite direction of E
(SI unit: N/C)
Electric Field
0
E
q
F
=
Magnitude of the electric charge due to a
point charge


Direction:


If the charge q is positive,
the field points radically
outward

If the charge q is negative,
the field points radically
inward
Electric Field
2
r
q
k E =
The electric field lines for two positive charges
The electric field for an electric dipole
The electric field for one positive charge (+2q) and one negative charge (-
q)
Electric Field Lines
Parallel-plate capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor consists of
two oppositely charged, conducting
parallel plates separated by a finite
distance.
The field between the plates is
uniform in direction (perpendicular
to the plates) and magnitude.

Electric Field


Electric field intensity of an isolated point charge at the origin:


Coulombs law
) m V (
4
a a E
2
0
R R R
R
q
E
tc
= =
If the point charge q is not located at the origin (fig. 3-1(b)), the E is


then,

Coulombs law : the force between two point charges is proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
separation.



2
0
, where (unit vector drawn from to ) .
4
P qP qP
q
q P
tc

= =

R R'
E a a
R R'
R R'
3
0
( ')
.
4
P
q
tc

=

R R
E
R R'
1 2
12 2 12 12
2
0 12
(N).
4
q q
q
R tc
= = F E a
Coulombs law

Position vector for P :
Position vector for Q :
Difference :
Magnitude :

Electric field intensity :


0.2 2.3
x z
OP

= = R a a
' 0.2 0.1 2.5
x y z
OQ

= = + R a a a
' 0.4 0.1 0.2
x y z
= + R R a a a
2 2 2 1/ 2
' [( 0.4) ( 0.1) (0.2) ] 0.458 (m). = + + = R R
9
9
3 3
0
( ') 5 10
(9 10 ) ( 0.4 0.1 0.2)
0.458
4
214.5( 0.873 0.218 0.2) (V/m).
P x y z
x y z
q
tc


= = +

= +
R R
E a a a
R R'
a a a
Example 3.1
Determine the electric field at P(-0.2, 0, -2.3) due a point charge (+5 nC) of at
Q(0.2, 0.1, -2.5) in air.
Total field at a point is the vector sum of the fields caused by all the individual
charges.
' ' '
1 1 2 2
3 3 3
' ' '
0
1 2
'
3
'
1
0
( ) 1 ( ) ( )

4
( ) 1
(V/m).
4
n n
P
n
n
k k
k
k
q q q
q
tc
tc
=
(

(
= + + +
(

R R R R R R
E
R R R R R R
R R
R R
( )
2
2
7 2 7 8 9 0
0
1
where 10 10 3 10 9 10 (m/F).
4 4
c
c

tc t

= = = =
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Differential element of charge is same as point charge (fig. 3-3)



Electric field intensity of a volume distribution of charge :


2
0
.
4
R
d
d
R
u
u
tc
= E a
3
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m ) : volume charge density.
4
R
V
d
R
u
u

u
tc
=
}
E a
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Electric field intensity of a surface distribution of charge :




Electric field intensity of a line charge :

2
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m ) : surface charge density.
4
s
R s
s
ds
R

tc
=
}
E a
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m) : line charge density.
4
R
L
d
R

tc
=
}
E a
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Determine the electric field intensity of an infinitely long, straight, line charge of a
uniform line charge density
l
(C/m) in air.

Electric field intensity :

Distance vector from the source to the field point :


2 3
' '
0 0
1 1
' ' (V/m).
4 4
R
L L
d d
R R

tc tc
= =
} }
R
E a
'.
r z
r z = R a a
Example 3.3
R
R
a =
R
Cylindrical symmetry
Cylindrical coordinate system
Electric field due to the differential line charge element





components will cancel in the integration process.

Electric field intensity due to an infinite straight line charge :

' ' d dz =
2 2 3/ 2
0
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2
0 0
'( ')
,
4 ( ' )
' ' '
where and .
4 ( ' ) 4 ( ' )
r z
r r z z
r z
dz r z
d dE dE
r z
rdz z dz
dE dE
r z r z

tc

tc tc

= = +
+

= =
+ +
a a
E a a
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 2 1/ 2
0 0 0
2 2 3 2 2 2
' '
(V/m).
4 ( ' ) 4 ( ' ) 2
.
( )
r r r r r
r dz r z
E
r z r r z r
dx x
x a a x a

tc tc tc

= = = =
+ +
=
+ +
}
}
E a a a a

z
a
Example 3.3