Lecture 9 - Flexure

September 25, 2001

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Compression Reinforced beams
T-beams
Inverted L beams(Spandrel)
Pan Joist
Pattern Loading
Analysis of Flanged Section

Floor systems with
slabs and beams are
placed n monolithic
pour.
Slab acts as a top
flange to the beam;
T-beams,and I nverted
L(Spandrel) Beams.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
Analysis of Flanged Sections

If the neutral axis falls
within the slab depth
analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam,
otherwise as a T-beam.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective Flange Width
Portions near the webs are more
highly stressed than areas away
from the web.
Effective width (b
eff
)
b
eff
is width that is stressed
uniformly to give the same
compression force actually
developed in compression zone
of width b
(actual)

ACI Code Provisions for Estimating b
eff

From ACI 318, Section 8.10
T Beam Flange:


Inverted L Shape Flange
actual
w f
eff

16
4

b
b h
L
b
s
+ s
s
( ) next web to distance clear * 5 . 0
6
12

w actual
w f
w eff
+ = s
+ s
+ s
b b
b h
b
L
b
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating b
eff

From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Isolated T-Beams


w eff
w
f
4
2
b b
b
h
s
>
Various Possible Geometries of
T-Beams
Single Tee

Twin Tee


Box
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1:
Same as rectangular section

( Steel is yielding under
reinforced)
Check

Equilibrium

f
h a s
f
h a s
y s y s
Assume f f = > c c
b f
f A
a C T
0.85
c
y s
'
= =
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1:
Confirm





Calculate M
n


f
h a s
y cu s
1
y s
c c c
|
c c
>
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
>
c
c d
a
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
y s n
a
d f A M
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2:
Assume steel yields



Equilibrium

f
h a >
( )
y s
w c w
f w c f
85 . 0
85 . 0
f A T
a b f C
h b b f C
=
'
=

'
=
( )
w c
f w c y s
w f
85 . 0
85 . 0
b f
h b b f f A
a C C T
'

'

= + =
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2:
Confirm





Calculate M
n


f
h a >
y cu s
1
f
c c c
|
>
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
>
c
c d
a
c
h a
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
f
f w n
h
d C
a
d C M
Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of
C
c
and C
f
for the
T-Beam are given
as:
( )
y s
w c w
f w c f
85 . 0
85 . 0
f A T
a b f C
h b b f C
=
'
=

'
=
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
Upper Limits
From balanced
strain condition
Note:
For flange in compression and when balanced neutral axis
depth, c
bal
, is below flange C
c(bal)
= C
f(bal)
+ C
w(bal)

y
c(bal)
s(bal)
w
s(bal)
bal
bal max
where
75 . 0
f
C
A
d b
A
= =
=

Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
Lower Limits
Flange in compression

'
=
d b
f
d b
f
f
A
w
y
w
y
c
s(min)
200
3
of larger
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
Lower Limits
Flange in tension

'
'
=
d b
f
d b
f
f
d b
f
f
A
eff
y
eff
y
c
w
y
c
s(min)
200
3
of larger
6
of smaller
Limitations on Reinforcement for
Flange Beams
Lower Limits
If A
s(provided)
4/3 A
s(reqd)
based on analysis

then A
s(min)
is not required (i.e.)

|M
n
4/3M
u
for A
s(provided)


See ACI 10.5.3
>
>
Example - T-Beam
Find M
n
A
s
(max), A
s
(min)
for T-Beam.
b
eff
= 54 in. h
f
= 3 in.
d = 16.5 in. A
s
= 8.50
in
2
f
y
= 50 ksi f
c
= 3 ksi
b
w
= 12 in L =18 ft
Pan J oist Floor Systems
View of Pan Joist Slab from Below
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan J oist Floor Systems
View of Double Skip Joist Slab from Below
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan J oist Floor
Systems
Placing Reinforcement
for a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan J oist Floor Systems
General framing layout of
the pan joist system.
Pan J oist Floor
Systems
Pouring a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan J oist Floor Systems
Definition: The type of slab is also called a ribbed
slab. It consists of a floor slab, usually 2-4 in.
thick, supported by reinforced concrete ribs. The
ribs are usually tapered and uniformly spaced at
distances that do not exceed 30 in. The ribs are
supported on girders that rest on columns. In
some ribbed slabs, the space between ribs may be
filled with permanent fillers to provide a
horizontal slab soffit.
One-Way J oist
Construction
MacGregor, Fig. 10-28
See Sec. 10-7 in text

Definition: Pan joist floor
systems are series of closely
spaced cast-in-place T-beams or
joists (See Fig. 10-28) used for
long-span floors with relatively
light loads. Typically removable
metal forms (fillers or pans) are
used to form joists.
One-Way J oist Construction
Details of ribbed floor with
removable steel pans.
Ribbed-floor cross sections.
One-Way J oist Construction
The design of a ribbed floor with
steel pan forms and average
weight of the floor.
One-Way J oist Construction
Joist Details
Pan J oist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-99)
Slabs and ribs must be cast monolithically.
Ribs must be spaced consistently
Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in width
Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5 times the
minimum rib width
Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these requirements are
designed as slabs and beams. **
Pan J oist Floor Systems
Slab Thickness
(ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)
t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in. wide pans
t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in. wide pans
Building codes give minimum fire resistance rating:
1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5 slab
thickness
2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab thickness
>
>
Pan J oist Floor Systems
Standard Removable Form Dimensions
See Fig. 10-28
Std. Widths: 20 in. & 30 in. (measured at
bottom of ribs)
Std. Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 20 in.
End Forms: one end is closed (built-in) to form
the supporting beam
Tapered End Forms: provide additional shear
capacity at ends of joists by tapering ends to
increase rib width.
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist Form
Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist Form
Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan J oist Floor Systems
Laying Out Pan Joist Floors
Rib/slab thickness
Governed by strength, fire rating, available space
Overall depth and rib thickness
Governed by deflections and shear
Typically no stirrups are used in joists
Reducing Forming Costs:
Use constant joist depth for entire floor
Use same depth for joists and beams (not always
possible)
Pan J oist Floor Systems
Distribution Ribs
Placed perpendicular to joists
Spans < 20 ft.: None
Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically
used in construction
At least one continuous #4 bar is provided at
top and bottom of distribution rib.

Member Depth
ACI provides minimum member depth and slab
thickness requirements that can be used without a
deflection calculation (Sec. 9.5)
Useful for selecting preliminary member sizes
ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:
Min. thickness, h
For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
L is span length in inches
Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for design,
but should be checked as a minimum.

Member Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
Member Depth
Rule of Thumb:
h
b
(in.) ~ L (ft.)
Ex.) 30 ft. span -> h
b
~ 30 in.
May be a little large, but okay as a start to calc. DL
Another Rule of Thumb:
w
DL
(web below slab) ~ 15% (w
SDL
+ w
LL
)
Note: For design, start with maximum moment for
beam to finalize depth.
Select b as a function of d
b ~ (0.45 to 0.65) (d)