What is Biometrics ?
Biometrics are automated methods of
recognizing a person based on a
physiological or behavioral characteristic.
?
Verification (1:1 match)
Person Image Template
YES Match? NO
0110100100010010
01101
01000 Are you who you
10010
?
Identification (1:N search)
Person Image Template
0110100100010010
Ridge bifurcation
Finger-scan
A live acquisition of a person’s fingerprint.
Ima ge Acqu isi tio n → Ima ge
Pro cessi ng → Te mpl at e
Cre at ion → Templa te Mat ching
Image Capture
Optical fingerprint
- Finger on a glass surface
- A Laser Light
- CCD array captures the reflected light.
Fi nger pr in t P atte rn Ty pe s
Loo p
Wh orl
Ar ch
Finge rprint Pa ttern Types (contd. )
Loo p
In a loop pattern, the ridges
enter from either side, re-curve and
pass out or tend to pass out the
same side they entered.
Finge rprint Pa ttern Types (contd. )
Whorl
In a whorl pattern, the ridges
are usually circular.
Finge rprint Pa ttern Types (contd. )
Arc h
In an arch pattern the ridges
enter from one side, make a rise in
the center and exit generally on the
opposite side.
Fingerprint ma tch ing a pproach es
and endings.
Capture •Hardware
fingerprint •Image specification
Image •Noise
(Image Enhancement)
Feature
Extraction
•Minutia approach
Verification
Image Proces. & Verif. (Ima ge Enha nce ment )
Matched filters
Applied on very pixel, based on
the local orientation around
each pixel.
Enhance ridges oriented in
same direction.
Decrease anything that
orienting differently.
Image Proces. & Verif. (Ima ge Enha nce ment )
Thinning
Reduce the width of a
ridges down to a single
pixel.
Image Proces. & Verif. (Fea tu re Ex tra cti ng )
Find minutiae
Remove those
attributes that are
created by noise, based
on the previous
images.
Image Proces. & Verif. (Fea tu re Ex tra cti ng )
Result is a minutia
template
400 bytes to store a
fingerprint.
Image Proces. & Verif. (Verif ic at io n )
Computer authentication
Iris Scan (contd.):
Strengths:
Most systems have audio hardware
Works over the telephone
Can be done covertly
Lack of negative perception
Weaknesses:
Background noise (airplanes)
No large database of voice samples
Attacks:
Tape recordings
Identical twins / sound alikes
Defenses:
Hand Scan
Typ ical systems meas ur e 90 dif ferent featur es:
Overall hand and finger width
Distance between joints
Bone structure
Pri ma ril y for acces s control :
Machine rooms
Olympics
Streng th s:
No negative connotations – non-
intrusive
Reasonably robust systems
Wea knes ses :
Accuracy is limited; can only be used for
1-to-1 verification
Bulky scanner
Oddballs
Retina Scan
Very popular in the 1980s military; not
used much anymore.
Facial Thermo grams
Vein identification
Scent Detection
Gait recognition
Biometric Template Size
Biometr ic App rox Templa te
Si ze
Voice 70k – 80k
Face 84 bytes – 2k
Signature 500 bytes – 1000 bytes
Fingerprint 256 bytes – 1.2k
Hand Geometry 9 bytes
Iris 256 bytes – 512 bytes
Retina 96 bytes