DRAINASE SISTEM POLDER

Wahyu Widiyanto Unsoed

PENGERTIAN
Polder : suatu ka asan atau lahan rekla!asi
den"an kondisi a al !e!#unyai !uka air tanah tin""i yan" diisolasi se$ara hidrolo"is dari daerah di sekitarnya dan kondisi !uka air %air #er!ukaan dan air tanah& da#at dikendalikan' (ondisi lahannya sendiri di)iarkan #ada ele*asi asalnya atau sedikit ditin""ikan' dikelilin"i oleh embankment , ti!)unan atau tan""ul yan" !e!)entuk se!a$a! kesatuan hidrolo"is )uatan+ yan" )erarti tidak ada kontak den"an air dari daerah luar selain yan" dialirkan !elalui #eran"kat !anual'

Polder adalah se)idan" tanah yan" rendah+

SI-AT.SI-AT POLDER
Polder !eru#akan daerah yan" di)atasi den"an )aik+
di!ana air yan" )erasal dari luar ka asan tidak )oleh !asuk+ hanya air hu/an %dan kadan".kadan" air re!)esan& #ada ka asan itu sendiri yan" diku!#ulkan' #ada daerah tan"ka#an air ala!iah+ teta#i dilen"ka#i den"an )an"unan #en"endali #ada #e!)uan"annya %den"an #en"uras atau #o!#a& untuk !en"endalikan aliran ke luar'

Dala! #older tidak ada aliran #er!ukaan )e)as se#erti

Muka air di dala! #older %air #er!ukaan !au#un air

)a ah #er!ukaan& tidak )er"antun" #ada #er!ukaan air di daerah sekitarnya dan dinilai )erdasarkan ele*asi lahan+ si0at.si0at tanah+ ikli!+ dan tana!an'

Ga!)aran Siste! Polder

Ga!)aran Siste! Polder

(OMPONEN.(OMPONEN SISTEM POLDER

1' Tan""ul kelilin" dan atau #ertahanan laut 2' 3' 4' 5'
%sea de0ense& atau konstruksi isolasi lainnya Siste! drainase la#an"an %0ield draina"e syste!& Siste! #e!)a a %$on*eyan$e syste!& (ola! #ena!#un" dan stasiun #o!#a %out0all syste!& 6adan air #eneri!a %re$i#ient aters&

Re$i#ient

aters

.1+5 .1+25

.2+5 .1+15

.1+5

Re$i#ient

aters

Stasiun #o!#a

Tan""ul Stasiun #o!#a

ASPE( TE(NIS SISTEM POLDER

1' 2' 3' 4'
Pe!)an"unan tan""ul laut Penurunan tanah (onser*asi #antai Mana/e!en #older

Pe!)an"unan Tan""ul Laut

Tan""ul laut dala! siste! #older !eru#akan
#e!)atas hidrolo"i yan" !elindun"i daerah di dala! siste! #older dari #en"aruh air laut %#asan" surut dan "elo!)an"&' Pe!)uatan tan""ul laut harus !e!#erhatikan kondisi tanah sete!#at' 6anyak tan""ul laut harus di)uat #ada lokasi yan" kondisi tanahnya san"at lunak+ sehin""a resiko ke"a"alan leren" %slo#e 0ailure& serin" ter/adi'

Penurunan Tanah
6anyak siste! #older yan" dike!)an"kan
di daerah enda#an allu*ial+ den"an kondisi tanah lunak yan" $uku# te)al+ sehin""a #enurunan /an"ka #an/an" aki)at #roses konsolidasi san"at )er#en"aruh terhada# ele*asi akhir+ dan da#at !enye)a)kan kerusakan #ada )an"unan.)an"unan'

(onser*asi Pantai
(a asan #antai !eru#akan daerah yan"
san"at #otensial untuk dike!)an"kan' (eanekara"a!an #e!an0aatan ka asan #antai yan" !eli)atkan )er)a"ai #ihak da#at !eni!)ulkan kon0lik dan #er!asalahan )a"i #en""una !au#un #en"a!)il ke#utusan' Peren$anaan setia# #rasarana harus dilakukan se$ara ter#adu,inte"ral'

Mana/e!en Polder
Siste! #older !eru#akan )an"unan yan"
)eresiko tin""i+ sehin""a #erlu !ana/e!en yan" !e!adai' Mana/e!en #older yan" !enyan"kut o#erasi dan #e!eliharaan+ ditu/ukan untuk !en$e"ah #enurunan 0un"si dari se!ua ele!en yan" ada di dala! siste! #older+ yan" !eli#uti tan""ul+ /arin"an drainase+ kola! tandon+ stasiun #o!#a+ dan re$ei*in" aters'

 A polder is a lo .lyin" tra$t o0 land en$losed )y e!)ank!ents kno n as dikes+

that 0or!s an arti0i$ial hydrolo"i$al entity+ !eanin" it has no $onne$tion ith outside ater other than throu"h !an o#erated de*i$es' There are three ty#es o0 #olders: Land re$lai!ed 0ro! a )ody o0 ater+ su$h as a lake or the sea )ed -lood #lains se#arated 0ro! the sea or ri*er )y a dike Marshes se#arated 0ro! the surroundin" ater )y a dike and $onse7uently drained' The "round le*el in drained !arshes su)sides o*er ti!e and thus all #olders ill e*entually )e )elo the surroundin" ater le*el so!e or all o0 the ti!e' Water enters the lo .lyin" #older throu"h "round s ell due to ater #ressure on "round ater or rain 0all and trans#ortation o0 ater )y ri*ers and $anals' This usually !eans that the #older has an e8$ess o0 ater that needs to )e #u!#ed out or drained )y o#enin" slui$es at lo tide' 9o e*er+ $are !ust )e taken in not settin" the internal ater le*el too lo ' Polder land !ade u# o0 #eat %0or!er !arshland& ill sho a$$elerated $o!#ression due to the #eat de$o!#osin" in dry $onditions' Polders are at risk 0ro! 0loodin" at all ti!es and $are !ust )e taken to #rote$t the surroundin" dikes' Dikes are !ostly )uilt usin" lo$ally a*aila)le !aterials and ea$h has its o n risk 0a$tor: sand is #rone to $olla#se due to o*ersaturation )y ater hile dry #eat is li"hter than ater+ !akin" the )arrier #otentially unsta)le in *ery dry seasons' So!e ani!als di" tunnels in the )arrier+ under!inin" the stru$ture: the !uskrat is notorious 0or this )eha*ior' -or this reason in the Netherlands it is a$ti*ely hunted to e8tin$tion' No su$h $are is taken in nei"h)orin" Ger!any thou"h+ $ausin" the sto$k to )e $onstantly resu##lied a$ross the )order' Polders are !ost $o!!only 0ound+ thou"h not e8$lusi*ely so+ in ri*er deltas+ 0or!er 0en lands and $oastal areas'

Polders and the Netherlands

The Netherlands is 0re7uently asso$iated ith #olders' This is illustrated )y the En"lish sayin": God created the world, but the Dutch created Holland' The Dut$h ha*e a lon" history o0 re$la!ation o0 !arshes and 0enland+ resultin" in so!e 3+;;; #olders <1= nation ide' A)out hal0 o0 all #older sur0a$e ithin north est Euro#e is lo$ated ithin the Netherlands' The 0irst e!)ank!ents in Euro#e ere $onstru$ted in Ro!an ti!es' The 0irst #olders ere $onstru$ted in the 11th $entury' Due to 0loodin" disasters ater )oards $alled waterschap %)elo seale*el& or hoogheemraadschap %a)o*e sea le*el& ere set u# to !aintain the inte"rity o0 the ater de0enses around #olders+ !aintain the ater ays inside a #older and $ontrol the *arious ater le*els inside and outside the #older' Water )odies hold se#arate ele$tions+ le*y ta8es and 0un$tion inde#endently 0ro! other "o*ern!ent )odies' Their 0un$tion is )asi$ally un$han"ed throu"h this day' As su$h they are the oldest de!o$rati$ institution in the $ountry' The ne$essary $o.o#eration )et een all ranks in !aintainin" #older inte"rity also "a*e its na!e to the Dut$h *ersion o0 third ay #oliti$s . the Polder Model' The 1>53 0lood disaster #ro!#ted a ne a##roa$h to the desi"n o0 dikes and other ater retainin" stru$tures+ it is )ased on an a$$e#ta)le #ro)a)ility o0 o*er0lo in"' Risk is de0ined as the #rodu$t o0 #ro)a)ility and $onse7uen$es' The da!a"e in li*es+ #ro#erty and re)uildin" $osts is o00set a"ainst the $ost o0 ater de0enses' -ro! these $al$ulations 0ollo an a$$e#ta)le 0lood risk 0ro! the sea at 1,1;+;;; years . 1,4+;;;+ 1,2+5;; years . 1,1;; years 0or a ri*er 0lood' -or $o!#arison the risk o0 the Ne Orleans %re#aired& dike syste! in the 0uture $olla#sin" due to sea 0loodin" is esti!ated at 1,1;; years<2= %i'e' 0loodin" risks in Ne Orleans re!ain 1;; ti!es hi"her $o!#ared to Rotterda! hi$h is set at 1,1;+;;;& The esta)lished #oli$y 0or$es the Dut$h "o*ern!ent to i!#ro*e 0lood de0enses as ne data on threat le*els )e$o!es a*aila)le'

Polder Tawang, Semarang

Polder Banger, sedang dibangun di Semarang.

1' Tan""ul kelilin" untuk !elindun"i dari ro) 2' Da! untuk !e!)endun" sun"ai' Da! !eru#akan )a"ian dari tan""ul kelilin"' 3' Stasiun #o!#a+ untuk !en"alirkan air hu/an dan !en/a"a tin""i !uka air dala! #older 4' (ola! retensi