Environmental Modeling

Chapter 7: Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves in Streams

Copyright 2006 by DBS

Quote [Mathematics] The handmaiden of the Sciences -Eric Temple Bell

Concepts
Introduction Input sources Mathematical Model Sensitivity analysis Limitations

Case Study: Any Stream, Anywhere

Every stream has inputs of organic waste Spreads disease Consumes DO on decomposition
Ancient communities built near flowing water e.g. NY City, London, W. Europe

Meadows et al., 2004

Chemical process: Case Study:

MOs consume DO

Any Stream, Anywhere

Physical process:
Re-aeration by atmosphere

The Problem: D.O. < BOD

Sewage treatment begins

Introduction
Modeling the effects of release of oxidizable organic matter into a flowing body of water DO = chemical measurement of dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) BOD = total DO needed to oxidize organic matter in a water sample = change from initial DO at saturation to amount after 5 days

BOD

time

Wipple and Wipple (1911)

Introduction
Standard of living ~ adequate water and wastewater treatment

Human Risks Challenge of preventing rapid spead of disease e.g. typhoid fever (bacteria), hepatitis (viruses), cryptosporidosis (protozoa) Removed by sand filtration and chlorination/ozonation Aquatic Risks Aerobic organisms depend on DO 8-12 mg L-1 Affected by temperature and salt

Inc. salt dec. DO

Organic matter is oxidized, stream re-aerates The Streeter-Phelps Equation

without trmt:

with trmt:

End
Review

Basic Input Sources

Parameters for S-P equation:

Wastewater: Flow rate, temperature, DO, BOD

BOD measured in lab DO measured after several days (flat portion of curve)

 The following material and model is covered in:

CHEM3500/3550

Basic Input Sources

Sewage Treatment Plants
Remove turbidity, oxidizable organic matter, and pathogens
Turbidity settling tanks and filters Organic matter trickling filters, activated sludge Pathogens filtration, chloination, ozonation

ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/pollutant_fate/

Basic Input Sources

Sewage Treatment Plants
Prelininary - screening of large materials Primary - sedimentation - settling tanks Secondary - biological aeration trickling filters, activated sludge - metabolizes and flocculates dissolved organics Tertiary e.g. P removal

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html

Basic Input Sources

Wastewater Treatment Plant Model

Movie
1. Wastewater Treatment and Discharge (2000) 2. Wastewater Generation and Collection (2000) 3. Our Urban Environment: Water Quality (2000)

End
Review

Mathematical Model
Take a river: What parameters and processes would be important in developing a model for the oxidation of organic waste?

Amount DO consumed

our model river: draw in parameters

Re-aeration by atmosphere Consumption DO by MOs Ultimate BODLof mix Stream DO deficit

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

D = kBODL [exp(-k(x/v) exp(-k2(x/v))] + D0exp(-k2(x/v)) k2 k
Consumption by MOs Re-aeration by atmos. O2

where:

D = DO concentration deficit (value below saturation) (mg L-1), k2= the re-aeration constant (in d-1), BODL= the ultimate BOD (in mg L-1), k= the BOD rate constant for oxidation (d-1), x = distance downstream from the point source (km), v = average water velocity (km d-1) Do= initial oxygen deficit of mixed stream and wastewater (mg L-1)

D is not the remaining DO content but the amount of original DO consumedmust be subtracted from original DO without BOD waste

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

DO at a given distance below the input:

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

k2 = first-order rate constant for re-aeration Eact measurements are difficult, get from tables:

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

BODL = ultimate BOD or maximum O2 required to oxize the waste sample Determined from 5 day BOD test or using equation:
BODL = BOD5 1 exp(-k(x/v))

Where k is obtained from a 20 day BOD experiment D0 = DO level in the stream upstream from input - initial DO of stream-waste mixture

Algae, fungi, protozoa, worms, larger planst die

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

Gray/black, H2S, CH4, NH3 productions,

Zone of Clean Water (Zone 1) Zone of Degradation (Zone 2) Zone of Active Decomposition (Zone 3) Zone of Recovery (Zone 4) Zone of Cleaner Water (Zone 5)

Minimum D = critical dissolved oxygen = Dc

The Streeter-Phelps Equation

tc = 1 k 2 k ln k2 1 D0(k2-k) k k BODL

and xc = vtc Critical DO concentration, Dc:

Dc =

k BODL exp(-k(xc/v)) k 2

Problem
Example Problem: A city discharges 25 million gallons per day of domestic sewage into a stream whose typical rate of flow is 250 cubic feet per second. The velocity of the stream is appoximately 3 miles per hour. The temperature of the sewage is 21 C, while that of the stream is 15 C. The 20 C BOD5 of the sewage is 180 mg/L, while that of the stream is 1.0 mg/L. The sewage contains no DO, but the stream is 90% saturated upstream of the discharge. At 20 C, k is estimated to be 0.34 per day while k2 is 0.65 per day.
1. Determine Dc and its location. 2. Estimate the 20 C BOD5 of a sample taken at xc. 3. Plot the curve.

1. Determine DO in stream before discharge (=upstream DO): Saturation conc. at 15 C = 10.2 mg/L Upstream is 90% saturated = 10.2 mg/L x 0.90 = 9.2 mg/L 2. Determine mixture, T, DO, and BOD using mass balance:
Flow rate stream: = 250 ft3/s = 612 x 106 L/d

Flow rate sewage: 25 x 106 gallons/d = 94.8 x 106 L/d

Temperature of mixture: T = stream input + sewage input output effect 0 = (stream flow)(stream temp.) + (sewage flow)( sewage temp) (mix flow)(mix temp) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)Tmix Tmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) = 15.7 C (612 x 106 L/d +94.8 x 106 L/d) DO in mixture Net change in DO = Stream input + Sewage output Output 0 = (stream flow)(stream DO) + (sewage flow)(sewage DO) (mix flow)(mix DO) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)(Domix) DOmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0 mg/L) (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d) = 7.97 mg/L

BOD5 of mixture: Net change in BOD5 = BOD5 = Stream input + Sewage output Output 0 = (stream flow)(stream BOD5) + (sewage flow)(sewage BOD5) (mix flow)(mix BOD5) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)(BOD5)
BOD5mixture = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) = 25.0 mg/L (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d) BODL of mixture (at 20 C) BODL = BOD5 1 exp(-k(x/v) = 25.0 mg/L 1 exp(-0.34/d)(5 d) = 30.6 mg/L

3. Correct rate constants to 15.7 C

k = 0.34(1.135)15.7-20 = 0.197 d-1 k2 = 0.65(1.024)15.7-20 = 0.587 d-1 4. Determine tc and xc: D0 = (initial stream O2 - O2 of mixture) = (9.2 7.97) = 1.23 mg O2 L-1

4. Determine tc and xc:

tc = 1 k 2 k ln k2 k 1 D0(k2-k) k BODL

= 2.42 d xc = vtc = 3 mi/h x 24 h/d x 2.42 d = 174.2 mi = 280 km 5. Determine Dc:

5. Determine Dc:
V = 3 mi/h = 72 mi/d Dc = k BODL exp(-k(xc/v) k2

= 0.197 d-1 (30.6 mg/L) exp(-(0.197 d-1)(174.2 mi / 72 mi d-1))) 0.587 d-1 = 6.37 mg L-1 The DO will be depressed 6.37 mg L-1 from saturation. Minimum DO = 9.2 mg L-1 - 6.37 mg L-1 = 2.83 mg L-1

6. Determine BOD5 at critical point, xc:

BOD5 = BODL exp(-k(x/v))

= (30.6 mg L-1) exp(-0.197 d-1)(174.2 mi)/(72 mi d-1) = 19.0 mg L-1

20 C BOD5 = BOD5 [1 exp(-k)(5)] = 19.0 mg L-1 [1 exp(-0.34 d-1)(5 d)] = 15.5 mg L-1

Easier method

 Use Fate!!! Much easier than by hand

End
Review

Sensitivity Analysis

Limitations
It uses average re-aeration rates of the stream (problem in alternating riffle and pool areas)
Sedimentation is not allowed in the basic model, but can be incorporated with additional experimental data

Remediation
Problems are: -Eutrophication -Odors -Low/no D.O. -Aquatic death -Microbes/Pathogens

Source removal! (install treatment plant) including BOD, NO3-, NH3/NH4+, PO43removal, but you still will have organic rich sediments for some time

Time (flowing aquatic systems can be very resilient)

Notice the difference between the recovery of a biodegradable pollutant versus nonbiodegradable!

End
Review

Further Reading
Journals and Reports Wipple, G.C. and Wipple, M.C. (1911) Solubility of oxygen in sea water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 3 pp 362.

Books
Craun, G. (1986) Waterborne Diseases in the United States. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Meadows, D., Randers, J., and Meadows, D. (2004) Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Chelsea Gren Publishing Compnay, White River Junction, VT. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (1991) Wastewater Engineering, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. (1978) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. McGrawHill, New York. Snoeyink, V.L. and Jenkins, D. (1980) Water Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed. (1998) American Waterworks Association, Washington D.C. Streeter, H.W. and Phelps, E.B. (1925) A Study of the Pollution and natural Purification of the Ohio River. United States Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (1991) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, New York.