History
Generasi pertama (1G) Sistem komunikasi seluler pertama kali beroperasi di Norwegia pada tahun 1981 dan diikuti oleh sistem yang sama di US dan UK. System generasi pertama ini hanya mentransmisikan voice dengan frekuensi sekitar 900 MHz dan menggunakan modulasi analog Generasi kedua (2G) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) pertama kali digunakan di eropa pada awal tahun 1990. GSM menyediakan layanan voice dan data yang terbatas. Menggunakan modulasi digital. The new third generation (3G) cellular services Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-2000 will sustain higher data rates still and opens the door to many internet style applications
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History
1934-USA : AM based: First generation Analogue Cellular Systems For public safety 5000 mobiles Vehicle ignition noise a major problem
1935 USA Europe Asia :FM based: Frequency bands: - 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz 120 kHz RF bandwidth with channel spacing of 30 kHz Data rate 5 - 10 kbps No of channels 400 1000, half-duplex
1946- USA : First Generation Public Mobile Telephone Service: Coverage distance: 50 km, 60 kHz bandwidth Single powerful transmitter
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First Transitional System: 2 GHz 2000 - 2nd Transitional Systems: 2.5 GHz 2001 - 1st CDMA Network @ 144 k bps 2002- Handover between GSM and WCDMA
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Satu pemancar dengan daya yang besar ditempatkan pada titik yang paling tinggi yang dapat meliputi area dengan radius sampai dengan 50 km
Sistem seluler dibentuk dari jaringan telepon mobile dengan cara: menggunakan daya pancar yang rendah untuk mencakup area yang lebih luas contoh area metropolitan dibagi ke dalam 100 sel yang berbeda dimana masing-masing sel dgn 12 kanal
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Cellular Systems
Cellular Concept
technique of using a fixed a number of channels to serve an arbitrary large number of subscribers by reusing channels throughout the coverage area high system capacity in a limited spectrum many low powered transmitters (small cells) each base station allocated a portion of the spectrum neighboring base stations assigned different groups of channels
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Cellular Systems
Solves the problem of Spectral congestion and user capacity by means of frequency reuse Offers high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation Offers system level approach, using low power transmitters instead of a single, high power transmitter (large cell) to cover larger area. A portion of the total channels available is allocated to each base station. Neighbouring base stations are assigned different groups channels, in order Jaringan Telekomunikasi 10 to minimise interference.
Klasifikasi WIRELESS
Non Cellular Fixed Wireless Cellular Wireless Communication Non Cellular Mobile Wireless Cellular contoh : point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS, Microwave communication contoh : PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800, DECT contoh : paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC) , dispatching system, PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) dsb contoh : GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS, PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS, C-450, dsb
PT3163-HANDOUT-SISKOMBER
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With the shift parameters i and j defined in the figure, we see that the number of cells in a cluster is given by
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PLMN ?
Jaringan seluler atau PLMN (public land mobile network) terdiri dari sejumlah mobile station (MS) yang dihubungkan dengan jaringan radio ke infrastruktur perangkat switching yang berinterkoneksi dengan sistem lain seperti PSTN
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Elemen PLMN
Elemen PLMN terdiri dari
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elemen jaringan untuk user (trafik) Elemen jaringan sebagai database Elemen jaringan untuk tambahan jaringan pintar (IN) Elemen jaringan untuk operasi dan pemeliharahan (O&M) Elemen jaringan untuk signaling Elemen jaringan untuk transport dan transmisi
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Strongest Signal
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Number of Channels Per Cell When the number of channels per cell is small (less transmitting channels) base station congestion is very likely to occur. Increasing the number of channels to solve this problem could be a problem since the bandwidth allocated for uplink and downlink transmission is fixed. Therefore increasing the channel number per cell would cause the channel frequencies used in a cell to be re-used in a closer cell. This increases co-channel interference. Solution Use a microcellular network since it can increase the number of channels per cell without an increase in co-channel interference
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The receiver at the BS should have an equaliser circuit to compensate for fading. Equaliser finds how a known transmitted signal (transmitted with the desired signal) was modified by multipath fading and shielding. Using this information, an inverse filter is constructed and the desired signal is extracted
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Co-Channel Interference Co-channels are the same channels (or frequencies) that are used by different cells. To avoid this kind of interference, it is necessary to separate the co-channels by as great distance as possible. But, by doing so, channel capacity will be compromised. Solution Here, microcells could be used to decrease co-channel interference for a particular capacity wanted. Alternatively, the Equaliser can also be used to minimise the effect of co-channel interference on the desired signal.
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Handovers
Handover does not pose serious problems in Digital Data Cellular Networks.
WHY? In circuit-switch networks, handover is a major problem, because the radio link between the MS and the BS which is continuously available is lost. During the time in which the link is lost, both the MS and the BS could be transmitting data which will be lost unless effective buffering is provided. In Digital Data Cellular Network considered, there is no continuous link between the MS and the BS. Packets are transmitted and received by the MS only after the BS informs it to do so. So, the link between the MS and the BS only lasts for one time slot (time in which a packet can be transmitted and received). Therefore, handover can only cause, if any, a few packet loss and does not pose a serious problem.
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Teknologi Seluler
1G wireless 2G wireless
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) - Analog voice service - No data service
- Digital voice service - 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec. - CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer one-way data transmissions only - Enhanced calling features like caller ID - No always-on data connection
- Superior voice quality - Up to 2M bit/sec. - always-on data - Broadband data services like video & multimedia Jaringan Telekomunikasi 38 - Enhanced roaming
1G
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AMPS
Pioneer of cellular telecommunications FDMA-based analog system Low capacity of subscriber per cell Unsecure Phone number can be scanned and copied Voice conversation is not Jaringan Telekomunikasi encrypted
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2G
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GSM
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A5 Algorithm
A5 Algorithm
BS/MSC/AU
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Network elements for (user) traffic 1. MS 2. BSS terdiri dari dua buah perangkat : BTS dan BSC 3. MSC 4. gateway MSC (GMSC) 5. Short message service centre (SMS-C) 6. IMS
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MOBILE STATION
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e. the handset, and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive and make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication and other information.
The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.
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Mobile station
MS =
+
Merupakan terminal transceiver Diidentifikasikan dengan IMEI tertentu IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity MS terdiri dari : Mobile Equipment (ME)/HP Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
SIM ME
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SIM Card
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) adalah sebuah smart card yang berisi seluruh informasi user dan beberapa feature dari GSM Informasi yang ada berupa : Authentication Key Ki 2 algorithma enkripsi. Yaitu algoritma autentikasi A3 dan A8 sebagai cipher key IMSI and TMSI Service tambahan SIM card dilindungi oleh sebuah mekanisme Personal Identity Number (PIN) yang dimiliki user
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BTS merupakan tranceiver yang mendefinisikan sebuah sel dan menangani hubungan link radio dengan MS.
BTS terdiri dari perangkat pemancar dan penerima, seperti antena dan pemroses sinyal untuk sebuah interface
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BTS
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BSC
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Berisi parameter authentikasi pelanggan untuk mengakses jaringan GSM. AuC berisi parameter seperti Ki, algorithma A3 atau A8 AuC memproduksi tiga buah parameter autentikasi seperti (SRES, RAND, Kc) dan menyimpannya di VLR.
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Interface
Antara BTS dan BSC dihubungkan oleh Abis interface BTS berkomunikasi dengan MS dengan Um interface
MSC
Transcoder
BSC
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Traffic channels
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Control channels
Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other information. The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels.
The common channels include: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequences
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Control Channel
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization Channel (SCH) Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time slot numbering. Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly one FCCH and one SCH, which are by definition on time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame) Random Access Channel (RACH) Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to the network. Paging Channel (PCH) Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call. Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the RACH
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SPEECH CODING
GSM is a digital system, so speech, which is inherently analog, has to be digitized. The GSM group studied several speech coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to cost, processing delay and power consumption once implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited Linear Predictive Coder (RPE-LPC) with a long term predictor loop. Basically, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample, represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 (ms) samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13kbps (kilobits per second). This is the so-called full-rate speech coding. Recently, an enhanced full-rate (EFR) speech coding algorithm has been implemented by some North American GSM1900 operators. This is said to provide improved speech quality using the existing 13 kbps bit rate.
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FUTURE OF GSM
GSM, together with other technologies, is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that includes
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Datarate GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
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2.5G
GPRS, EDGE
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Sistem GPRS
Secara umum General Packet Radio Service atau GPRS adalah suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan teknologi Circuit Switch Data atau CSD.
Jaringan GPRS merupakan jaringan terpisah dari jaringan GSM dan saat ini hanya digunakan untuk aplikasi data.
Komponen-komponen utama jaringan GPRS adalah : GGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan GSM ke jaringan internet SGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan BSS/BTS ke jaringan GPRS PCU; komponen di level BSS yang menghubungkan terminal ke jaringan GPRS
Secara teori kecepatan pengiriman data GPRS dapat mencapai 115 kb/s. Namun dalam implementasinya sangat tergantung dari berbagai hal seperti: Konfigurasi dan Alokasi time slot di level Radio/BTS Teknologi software yang digunakan Dukungan ponsel
Ini menjelaskan mengapa pada saat-saat tertentu; di lokasi tertentu; akses GPRS terasa lambat; dan bahkan bisa lebih lambat dari akses CSD yang memiliki Jaringan Telekomunikasi 76 kecepatan 9,6 kb/s
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SGSN Gn
GGSN Gi PDN
Gf
Gr
Gc
Gs MS EIR&AUC VLR RAN NETWORK SGSN GGSN PDN Serv ing GPRS Suport Node Gateway GPRS Support Node Public Data Network
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MSC DATABASE
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EDGE
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EDGE Network
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3G
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Umts
UMTS technology delivers high-speed access to information, email, multimedia content, as well as other wireless Internet services through a variety of personal, portable devices
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CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Peak 3.1 Mbps Packet Data VoIP and Data Services Real-time Services E-MAIL w/ Attachment S/W Download Live Video Broadcast Video Conference REAL TIME
NON-REAL TIME
1xEV-DO
1XEV-DO Rev. A
Music Download
Interactive Gaming
IS-95
1X
SMS
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV
2X Voice Capacity
Peak 3.1 Mbps Data Simultaneous Voice & Data LOW-MED DATA & CAPACITY
Adopting technology somewhat like waiting for computer prices to come down??
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Soal
Pada komunikasi seluler yang menggunakan standar GSM, diketahui ukuran cluster 7 dan jumlah kanal radio 70
Berapa faktor reuse? Hitung jumlah kanal suara per sel Jika replikasi 5 kali, berapa kapasitas sistem? Jarak co-channel 41 km, berapa jari-jari sel?
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