The Body Defenses

Body Defense Overview

Innate Immunity
Barrier Defenses Internal Defenses

Acquired Immunity
Humoral Response Cell-mediated Response

Innate Immunity in Invertebrates (Nonspecific)

Chitin (physical barrier) in intestine Lysozymes and low pH (digests microbial cell walls) Hemocytes in hemolymph
Phagocytosis Antimicrobial peptides

 Skin

Innate Immunity in Vertebrates Barrier Defenses (Nonspecific)

Physical Barrier & Lysozymes

Digestive Tract
High acidity & normal bacteria

Respiratory Tract
Mucus & Cilia

Genitourinary Tract
Acidity of Urine

Innate Immunity in Vertebrates Internal Defenses (Nonspecific)

Phagocytic White Blood Cells The Inflammatory Response Antimicrobial Proteins Natural Killer Cells

Phagocytic White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Neutrophils (70%)
short lived

Monocytes (5%)
macrophages long lived in lymphatic tissue

Eosinophils (1.5%)
attack larger parasites

The Inflammatory Response

Releases histamine
(basophils and mast cells)

Allows for dilation and increased permeability Increased temp due to increased blood flow Cytokines (protein) direct migration of Phagocytes (activate lymphocytes)

Antimicrobial Proteins
Compliment System
30 proteins lyses viruses and pathogens may attract phagocytes and cause adherence Two pathways
Alternative
triggered by substances on invaders and does not use antibodies

Classical
triggered by antigens and uses antibodies

Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferon
proteins secreted by viral infected cells diffuse to surrounding cells surrounding cells make chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction

Natural Killer Cells

Recognize damaged or diseased cells
Class 1 MHC molecule on surface of most cells Missing when diseased

Release chemical to destroy cells lacking this protein

Acquired Immunity
Vertebrates
Uses Lymphocytes to recognize antigens Two major types
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

The Development of Lymphocytes

B cells
made and mature in bone marrow

T cells
made in bone marrow and matures in thymus

Epitopes
Antigenic determinant (special areas on antigens
Usually has several

Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes

B Cells Y shaped receptors made up of 4 polypeptide chains (two heavy / two light) Recognize intact antigens

Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes

T Cells 2 polypeptide chains (an alpha chain and a beta chain) Recognize small fragments of antigens

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Class 1 MHC molecules
Work with Cytotoxic T cells

Class 2 MHC molecules

Work with both Cytotoxic T Cells Helper T cells

Immune Response
Primary Immune Response
Takes 10 - 17 days from initial exposure to an antigen Produces B and T cells

Secondary Immune Response

takes 2 - 7 days from re-exposure to antigen

Immune Responses
Humoral Immunity
involves B cells produces antibodies that circulate in the blood, plasma and lymph cells do not have to be next to antigen to attack

Cell-mediated Immunity
involves T cells cells must be next to antigens to attack

Response to Nearly All Antigens

Helper T cells
attach to macrophage that has attacked an antigen
often uses CD4 receptors

releases interleukin (Cytokine) activates Cytotoxic T cells and Plasma B cells

Cell-mediated Response
Cytotoxic T cells
attach to infected cells / Cancer Cells Usually uses a CD8 receptor perforin (protein) makes a pore in membrane ions and water enters pores infected cell lyses

B Cells: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens

Response to extracellular pathogens Plasma B cells produce antibodies Memory B cells live a long time and can help produce other B cells quickly when re-infected by the same antigen

Antibodies
A group of globular serum proteins called immunoglobulins

Immunity in Health and Disease

Active Immunity
Getting the disease Immunizations (Vaccinations)

Passive Immunity
Antibodies transferred from one individual to another
pregnancy and breast feeding injection of antibodies

Abnormal Immune Function

Allergies
hypersensitive responses to antigens anaphylactic shock

Autoimmune Diseases
immune system attacks own body
Lupus, MS, ALS, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Immunodeficiency Diseases
lowered immune system SCIDS, AIDS

Stages of HIV Infections