Logical Layer

The Relational Data Model

+ SQL

Abstraction Layers
Conceptual
What data is held
Realisation
(Refinement Reification)

Logical

An Image and its meta-data Entity-Relationship model (ERM)

How data is organised in storage

Block and Directory structure Tables, keys

(Engineering, Model-Driven development Abstraction (Reverse Engineering)

Physical

How data is stored in bits

JPEG as a stream of bytes A Database as files and records stored in a DBMS-specific format

The Relational Data Model

The Theory underlying Relational Databases Access, Oracle, MySQL.. E.F Codd A Relational Data Model for Large Shared Data Banks (1970) All Relational DBMSs depart from the basic model

Components
The concepts available to represent the UoD
Relations (tables) of Tuples (rows) , of Columns (fields) containing values drawn from a Domain

Base Relations - facts Derived Relations Relations constructed by extracting, combining base relations

EMP-DEPT example (from SQL workbook)

Two relations: Department : DEPT

Employee : EMP

DEPT Table
Deptno
10 20 30 40

Dname
Accounting Research Sales Operations

Location
New York Dallas Chicago Boston

EMP - table
Empno
7369 7499 7521 7566 7654 7698 7782 7788 7839 7844 7876 7900 7902 7934

Ename
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER

Mgr
7902 7698 7698 7839 7698 7839 7839 7566 7698 7788 7698 7566 7782

Sal
800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 2,450.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 1,100.00 950.00 3,000.00 1,300.00

Deptno
20 30 30 20 30 30 10 20 10 30 20 30 20 10

Relation
Relation (table)

Column (field)

Deptno 10 20 30 40

Dname Accounting Research Sales Operations

Loc New York Dallas Chicago Boston

Tuple (row)

general
integer domain 0<int<99 string city name

specific

Relations are everything

There is only one data structure in the relational data model - the relation
Every relation in a database must have a distinct name. Every column in a relation must have a distinct name within the relation. All entries in a column must be of the same kind The ordering of columns in a relation is not significant. Each row in a relation must be distinct
The ordering of rows is not significant. Each cell or column/row intersection in a relation should contain only a so-called atomic value.
Leads to Primary Key in a Relational Database

Relational Algebra
A group of operations on relations which yield only other relations Closed Base operations
A single tuple (row) is a relation A single value is also a relation

Convenience operations
Set operations

RESTRICT, PROJECT, PRODUCT EQUI-JOIN, (Natural) JOIN, Outer Joins UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE, DIVISION

The Relational Algebra

Restrict Union Project

Intersect

Product

SQL (SeQueL)
There are a number of languages for manipulating relations, but the one most commonly implemented is SQL SQL1 - 1986 SQL2 - 1992
better support for Algebraic operations

SQL3 - 1999 Post-Relational

row and column types, stored procedures, triggers, references, large objects

SQL
DATA MANIPULATION (DML) - factbase
QUERY
SELECT

UPDATE
UPDATE DELETE INSERT

DATA DEFINITION (DDL) -schema

CREATE, ALTER, DROP

DATA CONTROL (DCL) - access control

GRANT,REVOKE

RESTRICT: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE sal > 2000 Empno

7369 7499 7521 7566 7654 7698 7782 7788 7839 7844 7876 7900 7902 7934

Ename
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER

Mgr
7902 7698 7698 7839 7698 7839 7839 7566

Sal
800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 2,450.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 1,100.00 950.00 3,000.00 1,300.00

Deptno
20 30 30 20 30 30 10 20 10 30 20 30 20 10

7698 7788 7698 7566 7782

Project: Select Empno,Mgr,Deptno from Emp

Empno
7369 7499 7521 7566 7654 7698 7782 7788 7839 7844 7876 7900 7902 7934

Ename
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER

Mgr
7902 7698 7698 7839 7698 7839 7839 7566

Sal
800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 2,450.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 1,100.00 950.00 3,000.00 1,300.00

Deptno
20 30 30 20 30 30 10 20 10 30 20 30 20 10

7698 7788 7698 7566 7782

Restrict - Project: Select Empno,Mgr,Deptno from Emp where sal > 2000;

Empno
7369 7499 7521 7566 7654 7698 7782 7788 7839 7844 7876 7900 7902 7934

Ename
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER

Mgr
7902 7698 7698 7839 7698 7839 7839 7566 7698 7788 7698 7566 7782

Sal
800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 2,450.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 1,100.00 950.00 3,000.00 1,300.00

Deptno
20 30 30 20 30 30 10 20 10 30 20 30 20 10

Restrict - Project: Select Empno,Mgr,Deptno from Emp where Sal > 2000 and Sal < 3000;

Empno
7369 7499 7521 7566 7654 7698 7782 7788 7839 7844 7876 7900 7902 7934

Ename
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER

Mgr
7902 7698 7698 7839 7698 7839 7839 7566

Sal
800.00 1,600.00 1,250.00 2,975.00 1,250.00 2,850.00 2,450.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 1,100.00 950.00 3,000.00 1,300.00

Deptno
20 30 30 20 30 30 10 20 10 30 20 30 20 10

7698 7788 7698 7566 7782

Some queries to write:

http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/sql/mysq l/queryemp.php List the names of the employees whose manager is 7698 List the empnos of the employees in Department no 20 whose salary is over $2500

Product: Select * from EmpX , Dept;

Empno 7566 7698 7782
Empno 7566 7566 7566 7566 7698 7698 7698 7698

Deptno

Dname

Location New York Dallas Chicago Boston

10 Accounting Mgr 7839 7839 7839

Mgr 7839 7839 7839 7839 7839 7839 7839 7839

Deptno 20 30 10
Deptno 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 Deptno 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

20 Research 30 Sales 40 Operations

Dname Accounting Research Sales Operations Accounting Research Sales Operations

Location New York Dallas Chicago Boston New York Dallas Chicago Boston

7782
7782 7782 7782

7839
7839 7839 7839

10
10 10 10

10
20 30 40

Accounting
Research Sales Operations

New York
Dallas Chicago Boston

Product :
DEPT has 4 records EMPX has 3 records so DEPT x EMPX has 12 records but not very useful

Product Project - Restrict Select * from EmpX ,Dept where Emp.Deptno=Dept.Deptno;

Empno Mgr 7566 7839 7566 7839 7566 7839 7566 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839

Deptno Deptno Dname 20 10 Accounting 20 20 Research 20 30 Sales 20 40 Operations 30 10 Accounting 30 20 Research 30 30 Sales 30 40 Operations 10 10 Accounting 10 20 Research 10 30 Sales 10 40 Operations

Location New York Dallas Chicago Boston New York Dallas Chicago Boston New York Dallas Chicago Boston

Restrict Product Restrict Project : Product Project - Restrict Select Empno,Mgr,Deptno,Dname * from EmpX natural join Dept; from Emp Natural Join Dept where Sal > 2000 and Sal < 3000;
Empno Mgr 7566 7839 7566 7839 7566 7839 7566 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7698 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839 7782 7839 Deptno Deptno Dname 20 10 Accounting 20 20 Research 20 30 Sales 20 40 Operations 30 10 Accounting 30 20 Research 30 30 Sales 30 40 Operations 10 10 Accounting 10 20 Research 10 30 Sales 10 40 Operations Location New York Dallas Chicago Boston New York Dallas Chicago Boston New York Dallas Chicago Boston

Join queries
List the names of all staff in department number 10

SQL Functions vary with RDBMS

STRINGS
LIKE, CONCAT, SUBSTR

DATE
SYSDATE..

STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM GENERATE AGGREGATE VALUES SELECT SUM(sal) FROM emp;
shows total salary over all emps

Sorting Rows (tuples)

Select ename, sal from emp order by sal;

Grouping Rows
Select deptno, count(*) from emp group by deptno;

Limiting the number of Rows

Select ename, sal from emp order by sal desc limit 1;

RDMS
Relational Database Management System
Maps Relations and values into the Physical Layer Interprets SQL statements and executes the requested updates on the physical data Controls access to data, recovery from errors..

MySQL
Free pay for support Command line interface or use PHPMyAdmin Installed for student use on shares usual Unix login Personal copy easily be installed Multiple databases can be created you get just one Several different file systems for physical storage (ISAM, INNODB) ISAM
Three files per table
definition (schema) .FRM Data .MYD Index .MYI

What would you expect to see at the physical layer?

Department Table data file

Dept no length

ASCII String

Big or Little Endian?

Record header

Learning SQL
Workbook
MySQL, Oracle and MS Access We will be using MySQL with PHP http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/sql/mysql

SQL/PHP Textbook
Chapter 10 of Welling and Thomson