Born-Haber Cycle

Born-Haber Cycles

The BornHaber cycle is an approach to analyzing reaction energies. It was named after and developed by the two German scientists Max Born and Fritz Haber. BornHaber cycles are used primarily for calculating lattice enthalpies which cannot otherwise be measured directly. The lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change involved in the formation of an ionic compound from gaseous ions.

What do we mean by lattice enthalpy?

For an ionic compound the lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of solid in its standard state is formed from its ions in the gaseous state.
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+
-

+
-

+
-

+
-

+
-

The lattice enthalpy cannot be measured directly and so we make use of other known enthalpies and link them together with an enthalpy cycle. This enthalpy cycle is the Born-Haber cycle.

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kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride 1 Sublimation of Sodium

+500
+400 +300 +200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

HS = +107kJmol-1

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

+500
+400 +300
Na(g) + Cl(g)

2 Bond Dissociation of Chlorine

+200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400

Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

-1 = +121kJmol H D

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

e-

+500
+400 +300

3 First Ionisation of Sodium

HI =

e-

+502kJmol-1

eee-

Na(g) + Cl(g)

+200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400

Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

4 Electron Affinity of Chlorine

HE= -355kJmol-1
Na+(g) + Cl-(g) Na(g) + Cl(g)

+500
+400 +300 +200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

+500
+400 +300
Na(g) + Cl(g) Na+(g) + Cl-(g)

+
-

+200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 NaCl(s)

Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

+
-

+
-

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

HF = -411kJmol-1

5 Formation of Sodium Chloride

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

+500
+400 +300
Na(g) + Cl(g) Na+(g) + Cl-(g)

+200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 NaCl(s)

Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

Lattice Enthalpy for Sodium Chloride

H L = -786 kJmol-1

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

+
-

+
-

+
-

kJmol-1
+800
+700 +600

Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

+500
+400 +300

H=

+502kJmol-1

HE= -355kJmol-1

Na+(g) + Cl-(g) Na(g) + Cl(g)

+200 +100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 NaCl(s)

HF = Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

H = +121kJmol-1 = +107kJmol-1

= -1141kJmol-1
-

Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) H

+
-

-411kJmol-1

H L = -786 kJmol-1

+
-

+
-

Born-Haber Cycle

Max Born 1882-1970

German physicist and mathematician who was

Fritz Haber 1868-1934

German chemist. Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry in 1918 for

Born-Haber Cycle - NaCl

1

Enthalpy of formation of NaCl

Na(s) + Cl2(g) >

2

NaCl(s)

Na+(g) + Cl(g)

Enthalpy of sublimation of sodium

Na(s)
3

>

Na(g)

5
4
Na+(g) + Cl(g) Na(g) + Cl(g)

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine

Cl2(g) >
4

Cl(g)

Ist Ionisation Energy of sodium

Na(g) > Na+(g) + e

5

3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)

Electron Affinity of chlorine

Cl(g) + e
6

>

Cl(g)
Na(s) + Cl2(g)

Lattice Enthalpy of NaCl

Na+(g) + Cl(g) > NaCl(s)

1
NaCl(s)

Lattice Enthalpy is exothermic. Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other.

Born-Haber Cycle - NaCl

CALCULATING THE LATTICE ENTHALPY Apply Hesss Law 6
Na+(g) + Cl(g)

= -

2 + 1

5
4
Na+(g) + Cl(g) Na(g) + Cl(g)

The minus shows you are going in the opposite direction to the definition

= - (-355) - (+502) - (+121) - (+107) + (-411) = - 786 kJ mol-1

3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)

2
Na(s) + Cl2(g)

1
NaCl(s)

Born-Haber Cycle - NaCl

CALCULATING THE LATTICE ENTHALPY Apply Hesss Law 6
Na+(g) + Cl(g)

= -

2 + 1

5
4
Na+(g) + Cl(g) Na(g) + Cl(g)

The minus shows you are going in the opposite direction to the definition

= - (-364) - (+500) - (+121) - (+108) + (-411) = - 786 kJ mol-1

OR Ignore the signs and just use the values;

3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)

2
Na(s) + Cl2(g)

If you go up you add, if you come down you subtract the value
6

1
NaCl(s)

= (355) - (502) - (121) - (107) - (411) = - 786 kJ mol-1

Your Task: Draw the Born-Haber cycle for - MgCl2

Enthalpy of formation of MgCl2 Mg(s) + Cl2(g) > MgCl2(s) Enthalpy of sublimation of magnesium Mg(s) > Mg(g)

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine Cl2(g) > Cl(g) x2 Ist Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg(g) > Mg+(g) + e 2nd Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg+(g) > Mg2+(g) + e Electron Affinity of chlorine Cl(g) + e > Cl(g)

x2

Lattice Enthalpy of MgCl2 Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) > MgCl2(s)

Born-Haber Cycle - MgCl2

1

Enthalpy of formation of MgCl2 Mg(s) + Cl2(g) > MgCl2(s) Enthalpy of sublimation of magnesium Mg(s) > Mg(g) Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine Cl2(g) > Cl(g)

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)

5 6
Mg+(g) + 2Cl(g)

x2
4
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) Mg(g) + 2Cl(g)

Ist Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg(g) > Mg+(g) + e 2nd Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg+(g) > Mg2+(g) + e Electron Affinity of chlorine

3
Mg(g) + Cl2(g)

Cl(g) + e
7

>

Cl(g)

x2

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)

Lattice Enthalpy of MgCl2 Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) > MgCl2(s)

1
MgCl2(s)

Value
Enthalpy of sublimation of Magnesium

Ho (kJmol-1)
148

Ist Ionisation energy of magnesium

2nd Ionisation energy of magnesium Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine gas 1st electron affinity of chlorine Lattice energy of MgCl2

738
1451 244 -364 -2526

Determine the enthalpy of formation of MgCl2

Born-Haber Cycle - MgCl2

1

Enthalpy of formation of MgCl2 Mg(s) + Cl2(g) > MgCl2(s) Enthalpy of sublimation of magnesium Mg(s) > Mg(g) Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine Cl2(g) > Cl(g)

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)

1451
Mg+(g) + 2Cl(g)

-364 x 2
6

x2?

738
Mg(g) + 2Cl(g)

4
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)

Ist Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg(g) > Mg+(g) + e 2nd Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg+(g) > Mg2+(g) + e Electron Affinity of chlorine

244
Mg(g) + Cl2(g)

3 2

148
1

Cl(g) + e
7

>

Cl(g)

x2

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)

-2526
MgCl2(s)

Lattice Enthalpy of MgCl2 Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) > MgCl2(s)

-673

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