1.

CHAPTER 4
CARBON COMPOUNDS ( are compounds which contain carbon )

2. 2 Types.
a. Organic Carbon Compounds.
Source from plants or animals. Example: Protein, palm oil, urea, fat, silk

b. Inorganic Carbon Compounds.

Source from mineral in the earth. Example: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate.

3. Similarity
Both contain carbon atoms.

Differences
ORGANIC
1. From plants or animals ( living thing ) 2. Example: Protein, fat, natural rubber 3. Have several carbon atom ( C6H12O6 ) 4. Dissolve in organic solvent ( Petrol, alcohol ) 5. Low boiling points.

INORGANIC
From minerals ( non- living thing ) Example: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Have a few carbon atom ( CO2 ) Dissolve in inorganic solvent ( water, acid and alkalis ) Have high boiling points.

4. Exercise:

5. Hydrocarbons
Is an organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only. Example: Methane ( CH4 ), propane ( C3H8 ), ethane ( C2H6 ) Source from petroleum, coal and natural gas. Use as fuels, examples: methane, butane, kerosene, and diesel.

6. Petroleum
Is a thick black oil containing a mixture of hydrocarbon. It was form millions of years ago when tiny plants and animals in the sea died, settled to the seabed and than buried by sediments. Under great heat and pressure and in the absence of oxygen, they from petroleum and nature gas. It can be separated by fractional distillation because hydrocarbon in petroleum have different boiling point.

7. Fractional Distillation.
Fractional
Petroleum gas Naphtha Petrol

Main uses
Fuel for cooking& making plastic Fuel for airplanes Fuel for transport

Kerosene
Diesel Lubricating oil Paraffin Bitumen

Fuel for jet planes

Fuel for diesel engines Engine lubricant& to make polish Making wax & polish Covering road

8. Alcohol
Is organic carbon compound which is made up of three elements, namely carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The formula: CnH2n+1OH The name for each alcohol end in O1 Alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol Formula CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H9OH

9. Fermentation (penapaian)
This is the process to produced Ethanol. Glucose + yeast zymase ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy. Page _______ The carbon dioxide produce turn the lime water in the test tube chalky. The yeast releases an enzyme called zymase to act as a cataryst to speed up the reaction.

10. Distillation
The ethanol produced can be obtained by distilling the mixture in a flask to about 80c The boiling point of ethanol is 78c The pieces of porcelain break up the air bubbles in the liquid mixture in the flask and prevent bumping Water enter the Liebig condenser from below to ensure that the condenser will become filled with water. The liebig condenser cools and condenses the ethanol vapour

11. Characteristics
Colorless liquid. Vapourises quickly at room temperature. Has a pleasant odour. Has a low boiling point. Burns easily. Neutral liquid. Mixes readily with water. Combustion of alcohol in air form carbon dioxide and water. No soot.

Ester (perisa)
Is an organic compound which has a pleasant,sweet smell The process of getting esters is called esterification (pengesteran) Equation Organic acid ester + water + alcohol

 Examples Ethanoic acid + alcohol Butanoic acid + alcohol

ethyl Ethanoate + water

ethyl Butanoat + water

Uses of alcohol
alcoholic drinks fuel solvent

medicine

ester

Effect of alcohol on health

Blood vessels Addiction Social problem Nervous system Cirrhosis and cancer

FAT
2 TYPES

Saturated fat (lemak tepu)

unsaturated fat (lemak tak tepu)

Saturated Fat (lemak tepu)

Are solid at room temperature Fats of animal Tend to raise blood cholesterol level Examples:

Unsaturated Fat(lemak tak tepu)

Are liquids at room temperature Fats of plant Good for health Examples: sunflower,corn and soya

Harmful effects of cholesterol

Bile stone and jaundice Hypertension Thrombosis, stroke and heat attack atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

A normal artery, blood flows without blockage

 Artery is blocked, making it difficult for blood to flow through it

OIL PALM
mesocarp (sabut)
endocarp (tempurung)

Kernel (isirung)

Extraction of palm oil

Sterilization Separator Digestion

Extraction Palm oil

filtration Purification

Extraction of kernel oil

The uses of palm oil

Marjerine Ink and paint Cocoa butter Soap and detergent Lubricating oil Milk Cooking oil Wax. diesel

NUTRITIONAL VALUES
Contains unsaturated fats- no cholesterol Contains beta-carotena anti-cancer Contains vitamin A and E antioxidants

Potential uses
Biodiesel Methane gas (biogas) fertilizers

4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP

Oil + alkali Example: Vegetable + sodium oil hdyroxide Soap + glycerol sodium + glycer salt of fatty acid

A Soap Molecule
Ionic head

hydrocarbon tail

 Ionic head is hydrophilic (soluble in water) Hydocarbon tail is hydrophobic (insoluble in water)

The cleansing Action

Step 1 The soap decreases the surface tension of the water. This enables the water to wet the cloth and the grease on it quickly

 Step 2

The head of the soap molecule is attracted to the water and the tail attaches itself to the grease

 Step 3

When the cloth is washed in water, the soap molecules carry the grease away from the surface of the cloth. Cloth will be clean.

4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS

POLYMERS Is a long chain of molecules. It may be formed from thousand of molecules of the same kind. monomer Monomer is a small molecule that makes up a polymer

POLYMERISATION (PEMPOLIMERAN)
Is the process of joining many small molecules (monomers) together in long chain to form polymers

Depolymerisation (penyahpolimeran)
Is the process of splitting a polymer into its monomers.

Natural polymers Obtain from plants or animals Examples: Carbohydrate - glucose Natural rubber - isoprene Protein - amino acid

Synthetic polymers Are man-made polymers. Examples: Perspex methyl methacrylate Polyvinyl chloride - chloroetena

NATURAL RUBBER
KNOWN AS LATEX Natural polymer- monomer isoprene

characteristic
Elasticity (anjal) Does not conduct electricity and heat. Soft Change into solid when cooled Cannot withstand heat (tak tahan haba)

The Action of Acid on Latex

Molecules latex Covered by protein layer that is negatively charged This charge will repel each other and latex stay in liquid

Protein layer

 Acid formic/ethanoic (+) are added to latex. Charge (+) will neutralise the negetive charge of the protein layer

 No charges cause the collision between neutral rubber particles The protein layer will break and the polymer of rubber will join together. Protein layer

 No protein layer Coagulation of latex (penggumpalan latex)

Vulcanisation of rubber
Rubber is very useful but it is not suitable for making many thing such as tyres and rubber host because it is soft, elastic and cannot withstand heat. Natural rubber can be made hard, more elastic, strong and resistant to heat through the process Vulcanisation of rubber

2 types of vulcanisation
1. rubber sheet strongly heat with sulphur + sulphur

2. Rubber sheet immerse into sulphur Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber

Vulcanised rubber
The diagram

depolymerization
Heat the piece of perspex gently at first, and then strongly until the perspex melts and vapour is formed Collect the clear liquid condensed from the vapour in the test tube kept in a beaker of cold water.

polymerization
Add a little lauryl peroxide into the liquid perspex collected in the test tube. Stand the test tube containing the mixture in a beaker filled with water at about 50 C Let it about 30 minutes. Liquid perspex water at 50 C + Lauroil peroxide