Asset Planning Trainning

Welcome to all of you
to world of TELECOM "by

Welcome to all of you
to world of TELECOM "by
Detailed Tropic discussed in this chapter
CW Testing
Model Tuning
Antenna
1. Isotropic Antenna
2. Dipole Antenna

RF Planning
1. Coverage planning
2. Capacity planning
3. Highway Planning
4. City planning
Planning Tool
Asset Planning Tool

Decorum of the course to be maintained by:
Keeping your mobiles in Switched-off or Silent
mode.
Doing one discussion at a time.
Following the timings strictly as per schedule for
Breaks.
Making the course interactive by asking questions
and by giving suggestions.

Please introduce yourself as per guidelines below:
Name
Qualification
Professional Experience in years/months (if
applicable)
Name of the previous company (if applicable)
Tenure in previous company (if applicable)
Name of the Institute/University
Year of passing
What is your AIM in life
Expectations from this company
Expectations from this course

Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macro
cellular and Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.

The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue
potential whilst maintaining a high level of system quality.

Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation
limitations.
INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
A properly planned system should
allow capacity to be added
economically when traffic demand
increases.

As every urban environment is
different, so is every macro cell
and micro cell network. Hence
accurate planning is essential in
order to ensure that the system
will provide both the increased
capacity and the improvement in
network quality where required,
especially when deploying
Microcellular systems.

RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process.

By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we
can reduce a lot of problems that we may encounter in the future and also
reduce substantially the cost of optimization.

On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network
problems but it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure
the desired quality.

INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be
summarised as follows :-
To help the operator
to identify their RF
design requirement
Optional
Discuss and agree RF
design parameters,
assumptions and
objectives with the
customer
Coverage requirement
Traffic requirement
Various level of design
(ROM to detail RF
design)
Issuing of search ring
Cand. assessment
Site survey, design,
approval
Drive test (optional)
Frequency plan
Neighbour list
RF OMC data
Optimisation
Comparative
Analysis
RF Design
requirement
RF Design
Site
Realization
RF Design
Implementation
This is an optional step

This is intended to :-
Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network
Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement,
e.g. where their network should be built

For the comparative analysis, we would need to :-
Identify all network that are competitors to the customer
Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of
interest
Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the
competitors have service

The result of the analysis should include :-

For an existing operator
All problems encountered in the customers network
All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor
does
Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems

For a new operator
Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network
Problem encountered in the competitors network

The RF design inputs can be divided into :-
Coverage requirements
Target coverage areas
Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be
marked geographically
Coverage area probability
Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars
Capacity requirements
Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour
Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS
Network capacity
Growth plan - Coverage and Capacity

Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any
List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be
included in the RF design
Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any
Quality of Network (C/I values)
Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)

RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the :-
Capacity requirement
Coverage requirement

For the RF Coverage Design
RF
Coverage
Design
Link
Budget
Propagation
Model
Digitized
Databases
CW Drive
Testing
Customer
Requirements

Network Planning Tool

CW Propagation Tool

TOOLS USED FOR RF
PLANNING
DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Predesign drive test for measurement integration

This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected.
All test sites are temporary.
Predesign drive test Post design drive test
Drive test types
INTRODUCTION

Drive test is performed mostly for characterization of propagation
and fading effects in the channel. The object is to collect field data to
optimize and adjust the prediction model for preliminary
simulations.

Post design drive test for site verification / optimization

Drive test is performed to verify if they meet the coverage objectives.

Overlaps are checked for hand-offs.

INTRODUCTION
In field measurement we have to collect variations due to propagation and
slow fading.
The received signals are typically sampled and averaged over spatial
windows called bins.
There are several sampling issues to be considered like
Sampling rate
Averaging window
Number of bins to be measured
SAMPLING CRITEREA
When measuring the RF signal strength certain sampling criteria must be met
to eliminate the short-term fading components from the long-term component (
I.e. log normal fading )

The RF signal strength measurements must be taken over a radio path or
mobile path distance interval of 40, where is the wavelength of the RF signal.

If the distance interval is too short, the short term variation cannot be smoothed
out and will affect the local mean.

If the distance interval is too long, the averaged output cannot
represent the local mean since it washes out the detailed signal
changes due to the terrain variations.

The number of RF measurements taken within the 40 distance
should be greater than 50.

Depending on the speed of the vehicle during the drive test, the
sampling interval in time is selected.

Measurements have to be stopped whenever the vehicle is not
moving.

SAMPLING CRITEREA
If f = 1900MHZ, then
= 3 * 10
8
/ 1900 * 10
6

=

0.158 m
40 = 40 * 0.158
= 6.32 m
50 measurements must be recorded every 6.32m or 1 measurement every
0.1264m
The conversion from sampling distance to mobile velocity can be done as follows
minimum sampling rate ( per second ) = v / (0.1264 m/sample)
If velocity of vehicle is 50 kph then
Sampling rate( per second ) = (50000/ 3600) / 0.1264
= 110 samples / sec
TEMS kit cannot be used for this purpose as it can report RF signal strength
measurements at a maximum rate of 1 sample per second

WINDOW SIZE
In field measurements the interest is on local averages of received signals.

The size of averaging window have to be small enough to capture slow
variations due to shadowing and large enough to average out the fast
variations due to multipath.

A typical range is 20 to 1500 m.

The bin size is typically selected in 40 to 1500m, i.e. all measurements in this
size square are averaged to one value.

Normally the post processing tool takes care of averaging the collected data
over different bins.

NUMBER OF
BINS
The predicted and measured signal strengths for all bins within the drive route
is compared and the best set of correction factors to minimize the prediction
errors is determined.
All the bins within the coverage area cannot be drive tested. So a large enough
sample set should be considered.
The more the number of bins, the larger the confidence level of results.
Generally for acceptable confidence at least 300 to 400 bins have to be
considered.
Bin
PROPAGATION KIT
The propagation test kit consists of
Test transmitter.
Antenna ( generally Omni ).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate
should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law.
A laptop to collect data.
A GPS to get latitude and longitude.
Cables and accessories.
Wattmeter to check VSWR.

Transmitter
RECEIVER
LAPTOP
GPS Antenna
Receiver Antenna
Transmit Antenna


TRANSMITTER SETUP
If the propagation test is being done for model tuning to produce a generic
model for macro cells, then a high point in the particular area has to be
selected.
The transmitter and the transmit antenna will be placed at this point (say the
roof of the building ).
The transmit antenna is connected to the transmitter via a RF cable.
Check to see that the cable is connected properly and tight.
Loosely connected or faulty cable can increase the VSWR.
A test frequency has to selected from the frequency band allocated to the
operator. Set the transmitter to this test frequency.
TEST
TRANSMITTER
TEST SITE SELECTION
Site selection is based on a number of criteria. It may not be possible to satisfy
all these criteria at the same time, but it is important to select the best sites
available.

Drive test sites should be selected to give a good representative sample of the
system coverage area. The exact number of sites required will depend on the
size of the system coverage area and the variability of the characteristics of the
coverage area.

All terrain and clutter types in the area should be represented in the
drive test data for proper prediction tuning.

Typical terrain types are: Flat, Rolling Hills, Large Hills, Mountains

Typical clutter types are: Water, Open Land, Forest, Commercial /
Industrial, Low Density Urban, Medium Density Urban, High
Density Urban, City Center, Airport.

City maps, topographical maps and aerial photographs can be
useful in determining the terrain and clutter types for an area. It
may also be necessary to drive the area and observe building types
and density.

TEST SITE SELECTION

Site Availability

Test sites must be available for use during the drive test.

The site owner/supervisor should approve access to the site for as long as
needed to complete the testing. This may involve multiple visits to the site,
possibly on short notice.

Test sites must also be physically accessible to allow setup of the transmitter
equipment and mounting of the antenna. For this reason building top sites are
preferred to tower sites.


Site Visit

Each site selected should be visited before testing to verify that is
suitable for use.

The inspection should be done by the same people who will be doing
the site setup for the actual drive test. Familiarity with the site
should speed up the site setup during the drive test.

BUILDING SITE SELECTION
When inspecting a building site the rooftop should be checked for any
obstructions that would interfere with signal propagation. This could include
objects on the rooftop itself or other nearby buildings or structures.
The antenna location should be selected and a sketch of the rooftop made to
identify this location relative to other objects nearby.
Photographs should be taken of the location where the antenna will be mounted
and in all directions looking away from the site.

BUILDING SITE SELECTION
TOWER SITE SELECTION
When inspecting a tower site the best location to mount the antenna to the
tower must be deter-mined.
This should be selected such that the tower doesnt interfere with the
propagation pattern of the transmit antenna. This will usually require that the
antenna be above the tower or on an arm extending from the side of the tower.
The area around the tower should be checked for any obstructions that would
interfere with signal propagation.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
Generally cranes are used for temporary structure.
When cranes are used power generators have to be arranged in
advance.
The location should be selected such that the antenna will be above
any nearby obstacles.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
DRIVE TEST PLAN
Each drive route should be marked on a
detailed road map showing the exact route to be
driven.

These maps should be used during the actual
drive for navigation of the test vehicle.

They can also be used during the drive test


verification to check that the positioning information in the drive
test file is correct.

A separate map should be prepared for each route.

Both line of site (LOS) and non-LOS points have to be included in
the drive test.


The data collected should represent typical coverage scenarios.

In urban area the effect of street orientations have to be considered.

The selection of drive test route should be based on the terrain
variations, Major highways and throughfares, potential shadowing
areas and handoff region.

DRIVE TEST PROCEDURE
The actual dive test must be performed carefully to insure that the data
collected is accurate.

It is important that all equipment used be tested and all setup
information be recorded.

If any of the procedures are not followed or any of the data is not
properly recorded then the drive test data will not be usable and the
drive will have to be repeated.

Engineer should study the drive test plan ahead of time and
highlight the intended drive test routes.

For each drive test a team of two people should get involved.

The measurement process should be stopped the car stops ( eg near
traffic lights) or whenever the sampling and measurements look
suspect.

DRIVE TEST OUTPUT
The result of drive test is a collection of data files which has lat, long,
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at that point and the
frequency.
The location information ( lat, long ) is used by the post processing tools
as a reference of correlation between the measured vs. predicted signal
levels for measurement integration.
This file has to be transferred onto the planning tool either by a floppy or
by data transfer using LAN.
Lat Long RSSI Freq
X1 Y1 M1 F
X2 Y2 M2 F
X3 Y3 M3 F
DRIVE TESTOUTPUT
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Model Tuning On Asset version 6.1
Models are used to predict path loss.

Different models are used for different purpose. Eg:- Rural Macro-cell
-Okumura hata model, Micro cells - Ray tracing

Models have to be tuned using data collected by drive testing.

Good propagation tool + Sound engineering ingenuity = Sound RF
design.

Some of the popular prediction models are Okumura hata, Walfisch
Ikegemi, COST231, Ray tracing etc.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Okumura Hata Model

This is used for Macro cell modeling.

It has become the most popular propagation model for mobile
environments.

It is best applicable for cell ranges of 5 to 20 kms.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Below a range of 1 km it becomes very unreliable since obstacles in
the close vicinity of receiver and transmitter become the dominant
scattering influences which are not taken into account in the
formula.

Path loss = K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + K4 * Diff + K5log(Heff)log(d)
+ K6log(Hmeff) +K7log(f) + Kmorphology

Model Tunning
K1 - 1Km intercept value. Upto this point model assumes free space
loss
K2 - Slope value

K3 - Effective height coefficient

K4 - Coefficient for diffraction calculation

K5 - Hata model multiplier

K6 - Multiplier for mobile height

K7 - factor for frequency

Model Tunning
model has four main parameters:

Building separation (in meters) (b) : It is the distance between the
centre of two buildings.

Average building height (h) : This is the average height of all
buildings in the cells coverage area.

Road width (w)

Road orientation angle (u )

h
w
b
d
Walfish Ikegami Model
Model Tunning

MODEL TUNING

Propagation models use clutter and terrain data to predict cell
coverage at a site. However usually the terrain and clutter data
available from the maps are not perfect.

This means that the actual cell coverage could be different from the
predicted cell coverage. This could in turn result in wrong cell
designing.

To avoid this model tuning is done.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
In model tuning data collected from the propagation test is loaded
on the planning tool.

This data represents the real life condition cell coverage.

The prediction for that cell is then done using the same conditions
as were for the propagation tests (i.e. using the same antenna type,
same height of the antenna at the site, same downtilts, same
transmit power etc.

MODEL TUNING

Ideally both the propagation test cell coverage and the predicted cell
coverage should match.

If they match then the model does not require to be tuned.

If the models do not match then the certain parameters in the
propagation model equation are altered so that they both match.

Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Once both the cell coverage match the model is then said to be
tuned.

Now the actual antenna type, height of antenna, transmit power are
used and prediction done.

This prediction can then be assumed to be correct.

Cell designing is then done using this prediction.

MODEL TUNING

Ideally model tuning needs to be done for all the sites.
However in many cases , the Network is divided into different clutter
types (around 7 to 8) (e.g. urban, dense urban, semi urban, rural etc.)
and models are tuned for each clutter types.
The sites are then categorized in these clutter types and then fitted in
the model tuned for that clutter type.
This method though not perfect is widely accepted and saves lot of
time and money for the operator.
Model Tunning
You must have an existing project with map data and with CW
sites. In the below mentioned slide there are total three sites for
tuning.
Import the antenna file and see the pattern
of Omni antenna.
Make the Feeder cable
from Equipment > Click on Feeder
Right click on the specific project > click
New Feeder
Give feeder Name (Say XYZ) in Part ID
and click on close
Update the site database for antenna ,
model and feeder type
Making a reference Model
From Configuration > Propagation Model
Propagation Model Window will pop up > click
Add > select any reference model(Say standard
Macrocell 3) > Click Add
Give the propagation model name (Say
1900)> click View/Edit Model Parameter
Fill the relative information (say
Frequency) in general tab
Fill K-values information from user guide
Choose Effective antenna height algorithm
(say Relative)
Choose Diffraction calculation Method
(say Epstein Peterson)
Initial through clutter losses and clutter offsets
will be 0. No need to fill the value in this tab
Importing the CW Drive test file
From Tools > Click Measurements
Measurement toolbox will open > Click Add in
cell associate measurement > Browse Header(.hd)
file > click open
Importing of drive file will take few
minutes
If header file and site database information are
same then loading will ask for the association of
drive data with cell > Click OK
Click on Load Associated
Similarly Import the other drive (Signia) files
Model Analysis Select the particular measurements>click
Individual > Model Analysis Tool Box will pop up > In Model
tab, Fill the required information > Select the Model
In filter tab > Give distance filtering > Rx Level
Filtering > Clutter filtering > Polygon Filtering
For Polygon Filtering you must have measurement analysis > Check
Measurement Signal > View the drive data in 2D view with sites >
Click on Create new vector from 2D menu > Give vector name (Say
1900)> Select polygon shape > make polygon for the bad drive
samples > Save all vectors
Now if you want to use polygon filtering > Check Use
Exclusion Polygons box > Click Select polygons > check
the specific polygon > click on Apply
Polygon Selected will show you the no of
Exclusion polygons > click OK
Model Analysis box will pop up > Select all the measurement >
click Composite. This will give combine values. You can also do
the analysis for individual drive data
After the completion of composite analysis this
will give you the values as slide is showing
You can also view the analysis report from here >
Click View Report > Analysis will run
After the completion of analysis an option box will
pop up > choose the desired options > Click OK
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean
error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria.Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev
should be less or equal to 8
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean
error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria. Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev
should be less or equal to 8. After tuning the value of K1, K2 and K7 we will get the exact report as
given
Auto Tuning
After Analysis you need to do the tuning for improved
results. Select the measurements > Click Auto Tune
Initialization of Auto tuning will take few
minutes
Model Calibration Utility box will pop up. This will show you the reference
model K-value. Also at the moment Through clutter losses are 0. You can see
the same from; Clutter > View/set Through clutter parameters
Initial Through clutter losses. Before going to auto tuning
you can fix or open the clutter losses values. In the below
mentioned slide all clutter loss values are open.
Before going to Auto tuning you can also fix or open the K-
values. For eg. In the below mentioned slide K2 is open while
others are fix. For Auto Tuning Go to Tools> Auto Tune
Auto Tuning will take Few Minutes time
Auto Tuning will give you new k and clutter values. If you want
to apply the new values go to Tools > Apply New parameters
You also can see the new clutter losses values
This will complete the Auto Tuning Process. Now
From File > Click Exit
See the tuned values from Configuration >Propagation
Model> Select Specific Model > View/Edit model
Parameters > Path loss tab and then > Clutter tab
Antenna
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA
What is antenna?

An antenna is the converter between cable bounded electromagnetic waves
and free space waves.
Antenna installation configurations depend on the operators preferences.
It is important to keep sufficient decoupling distances between antennas.
If TX and RX direction use separated antennas, it is advisable to keep a horizontal
separation between the antennas in order to reduce the TX signal power at the RX
input stages.

ANTENNA INSTALLATION
Antennas for GSM System

Base station antenna specification
and meanings

Antenna types and trends

(Technical Data)
Blah

bl ah
blah bl ah
Electrical properties

Operation Frequency Band
Input impedance
VSWR
Polarization
Gain
Radiation Pattern
Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Downtilt
Front/back ratio
Sidelobe suppression and null filling
Power capability
3rd order Intermodulation
Insulation
Mechanical properties

Size
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening

Electrical properties
Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
Dipoles

1800MHz 166mm
900MHz 333mm

1 dipole
(received power)1mW
Multiple dipole matrix
Received power4 mW
GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd
Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
Sector antenna
Received power8mW
Omnidirectional array
Received power1mW
(Overlook
Antenna
Frequency Range
GSM 900 : 890-960MHz
GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz
GSM dual band : 890-960MHz & 1710-1880MHz
eg.824-960MHz1710-1900MHz

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz
Optimum 1/2 wavelength
for dipole at 925MHz
at
960
MHz
Antenna
Dipole
at
890
MHz
Impedance
50O
Cable

50 ohms
Antenna

50 ohms
9.5 W
80
ohms
50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Backward: 0.5W
Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
VSWR

<1.5
I=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
RL=-20lg I

Polarization
Vertical Horizontal
+ 45degree slant
- 45degree slant
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45)

Linear, vertical
45 dual linear 45 slant
Dipole
Ideal radiating dot source
(lossless radiator)

eg: 0dBd = 2.15dBi
dBd and dBi
2.15dB
Pattern :-
Beamwidth
120
(eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
Peak - 10dB
10dB Beamwidth
60 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 3dB
3dB Beamwidth
3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal
Directional Antenna65/90/105/120 Omni360
Directional Omni-directional
3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal
Down Tilt
Mechanical down tilt

Fixed electronic down
tilt

Adjustable electronic
down tilt
Demonstration of Electronic Down-tilt

Non down tilt

Electronic downtilt

Mechanical
downtilt
(Electronic and mechanical down tilt)
Front to Back Ratio
Ratio of maximum main lobe to
maximum side lobe
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically 25dB

Back power

Front power
Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill
Side lobe
In (dB)
In (dB)
Mechanical properties
Mast
Mast diameter 45-90mm

(Antenna Types and Development )
(Antenna Types)
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear
polarization, circle polarization
By pattern: Omni-directional, directional
By down-tilt: Non, mechanical, electronic
adjustment, remote control
By function: Transmission, receiving, transceiving

ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS

870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz

Extended band option with 806-960MHz

Dual slant 45 polarisation

65 horizontal beamwidth

Band independent Teletilt control

17dBi gain in both bands

Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions

Mechanical downtilt mounting option
7/8 MAIN FEEDER

1/2 JUMPER CABLE

Planning
Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site
configurations, antennas and
cables is the core of the coverage
planning strategy. The right choice
will provide cost savings and
guarantees smooth network
evolution.

Some typical configurations are:
3-sector sites for (sub) urban
areas
2-sector sites for road
coverage

1
2 4
5
6
7
3
1
2 4
5
6
7
3
1
2 4
5
6
7
3
1
2 4
6
7
3
1
2 4
5
6
7
3
1
2 4
5
6
7
3
1
2 4
5
6
7
3
5
These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on a
careful analysis

Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given
the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be
calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites
for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the
cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.

Network Planning Tool:-
Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless
networks by providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing
frequency planning automatically, creating neighbor lists etc.
With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and
antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the
Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to:
Design wireless networks
Plan network expansions
Optimize network performance
Diagnose system problems
Network Planning Tool:-

The major tools available in the market are Planet, Asset, Net-Act,
Cell Cad.

Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like
Net plan by Motorola, TCPU by Ericsson and so on.

Propagation Test Kit


Test transmitter.
Antenna ( generally Omni ).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning
rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law.
A laptop to collect data.
A GPS to get latitude and longitude.
Cables and accessories.
Site Master to check VSWR.
Propagation Test Kit
A single frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from
the candidate site.

These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by
the Drive test kit. This data is then loaded on the Planning tool and
used for tuning models.

Commonly Graysons or BVS test kits are used.

RF Network Design

COVERAGE PLANNING
Frequency Bands
GSM-900
The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in
any 900 MHz band.
P-GSM-900
- P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band
for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz
890 915 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink)
935 960 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
E-GSM-900
- In some countries, GSM-900 is allowed to operate in part or in all of
the following extension band. E-GSM-900 (Extended GSM-900) band
includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the extension band :
Frequency Bands
R-GSM-900
- R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM-
900) and the following extension band:

GSM-1800
- Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz
1710 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink)

Carrier Spacing and Channel Structure
Channel number the carrier frequency is designated by the absolute
radio frequency channel number (ARFCN). The frequency value of the
carrier n in the lower band is called F
L
(n) while F
U
(n) is the
corresponding frequency value in the upper band. Frequencies are in
MHz

P-GSM-900:
F
L
(n) = 890 + 0.2 n with 1 < n < 124
F
U
(n) = F
L
(n) + 45

E-GSM-900:
F
L
(n) = 890 + 0.2 x n with 1 < n < 124
F
L
(n) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024) with 975 < n < 1024
F
U
(n) = F
L
(n) + 45

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality
Providing coverage is usually considered as the first and most
important activity of a new cellular operator. For a while, every
network is indeed coverage driven. However, the coverage is not
the only thing. It provides the means of service and should meet
certain quality measures.

The starting point is a set of coverage quality requirements.

- To guarantee a good quality in both uplink and downlink
direction, the power levels of BTS and MS should be in balance
at the edge of a cell. Main output results of the power link
budgets are:

Maximum path loss that can be tolerated between the MS and the
BTS
Maximum output power level of the BTS transmitter.
- These values are calculated as a function of
design constraints:

BTS and MS receiver sensitivity levels

MS output power level

Antenna gain

Diversity reception

Losses in combiners, cables, etc.

The cell ranges are derived with propagation loss formulas such as
Okumura-Hata, using inputs of maximum path loss, differences in the
operating environments and the quality targets in different cell ranges.

The traffic capacity requirements have to be combined with the
coverage requirements, by allocating frequencies. This also may have
impact on the cell range.

The selection of site configurations, antennas and cables is the core of
the coverage planning strategy. The right choice will provide cost
savings and guarantees smooth network evolution.
Some typical configurations are:
- 3-sector sites for (sub)urban areas
- 2-sector sites for road coverage
- omni sites for rural areas

These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based
on a careful analysis

Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined
given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas
can be calculated then and these will lead to the required
number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it
possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km
2
, to be used for
strategic decisions.

Methodology
Define design rules and parameters
- Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently
- Acquire software tools and databases
- Calibrate propagation models from measurements
- Set performance targets
- Clear statement of coverage requirements (roll out and quality)
- Forecast traffic demand and distribution
- Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels
Methodology
Design nominal plan

- Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage and capacity
targets

- Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements

- Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design

- Estimate equipment requirements and costs

- Develop implementation and resource plans (including
personnel requirements)

- Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning

Nominal RF Design
Link Budget
Maximum
path loss
Propagation
model
Typical site
configuration
Site radius
Nominal RF
Design
(coverage)
Coverage
requirements
Nominal site
count
Coverage site
count
Transmit Power
Antenna configuration
(type, height, azimuth)
Site type (sector, omni)
Traffic
requirements
Standard hexagon site
layout
Friendly, candidate sites
Initial site survey inputs
Traffic site
count
Traffic > Cov.
Cov. > Traffic
Recalculate the site
radius using the
number of sites from
the traffic requirement
Repeat the nominal
RF design
Traffic
requirements
Methodology
- Implement cell plan
- Identify physical site locations near to nominal or
theoretical locations, using search areas.
- Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced
with physical sites
- Modify search areas in accordance with evolving network.

Produce frequency plan
- Fixed cluster configuration, can be done manually.
- Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic
tool.
Methodology
Optimizing the network

Expand the network

- In line with the roll out requirement
- In line with the forecasted traffic level
- Improve the coverage quality
- Maintain the blocking performance

Fade Margin
The concept of a fade margin is to reserve extra signal power to
overcome potential fading.

Assume :
- The mobile radio system needs an signal level of Pr dBm at the
receiver
- The maximum likely fade (loss) is calculated to be L(fade) dB

The a received signal level of Pr dBm can be ensured by transmitting
enough power for a normal received signal level of (Pr + L(fade)) dBm

Fade Margin
The fade margin is normally equal to the maximum expected
fade or to a smaller value. The value is chosen in such a way
that the threshold value is undershot in only a low percentage
of time.

For this purpose, it is necessary to know the probability density
function of the fading.

In RF planning, the impact of Rayleigh fading is taken into
account by implementing an extra fade margin of 8 dB.

Multipath Propagation
The radio wave may be reflected, from a hill, a building, a truck, an

aeroplane or a discontinuity in the atmosphere. In some cases, the

reflected signal is significantly attenuated, while in others almost all

the radio energy is reflected and very little absorbed. The result is that

not one but many different paths are followed between the transmitter

and receiver. This is known as Multipath Propagation

Building
Building
Building
Reflection and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative
effects :-

- Coverage extension
Multipath propagation allows radio signal to reach behind hills
and buildings and into tunnels

The latter effect is known as ducting

- Constructive and destructive interference
The interference due to multipath propagation manifest
itself in the following 3 most important ways:-
Random phase shift creates rapid fluctuations in the signal
strength known as Rayleigh fading
A delay spread in the received signal causes each symbol
to overlap with adjacent symbols : intersymbol
interference
Random frequency modulation due to different doppler
shifts on different paths

Propagation Modeling
- Statistical propagation models
These calculate a median signal for each pixel. The level within
this pixel varies about the median in a way that can only be
analysed statistically.
Local mean signal levels are distributed around the pixel median
with a log-normal probability distribution.
Formulas derived from measurements (e.g. Okumura-Hata).
No obstacles assumed to be close to the BTS antenna.

- Deterministic propagation models
Take into account individual buildings and use ray tracing
techniques.
Make use of high resolution map data (at least 10m).

Cellular Architecture
The essential principles of the cellular architectures are :-

- Low power transmitters with antenna heights between 20 50
m
- Small coverage zones (cells), typical macro cell radius 3 30 km
- Frequency reuse (factor n = 3, 4, 7 ... )
- Cell splitting to increase local capacity
- Micro and Pico cells act as patches for hot spots, tunnels and
buildings

Balance is to be found between conflicting requirements of :

- Coverage
- Traffic capacity

Cell Clustering
Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system,
given the fact that the number of allowed frequencies is fixed. A
frequency can be reused simultaneously in different cells, provided that
the cells using the same frequency set are far enough separated so that
co-channel interference is kept at an acceptable level most of the time.

The total frequency spectrum allocation can be divided into K
frequency reuse patterns.
Cell Types
The 2 main cell types are :-

- Omni cells :
Coverage is in principle a
circle, but in reality a
rough pattern

- Sector cells :
2 sectors (e.g. for
highways)
3 sectors

Cell Coverage Area
- Omni cell (Hexagon) = 2.6 R
2

- Sector cell (Hexagon) = 1.96 R
2

Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity can be understood in simplest terms as the number of mobile
subscribers a BTS can cater for at a given time.
Capacity planning is a very important process in the network rollout as it
defines the number of base stations required and their respective capacities.
When the sector utilization more then 100% then we will go for a new
capacity site in the nearby area.
Capacity plans are made in the preplanning phase for initial estimations, as
well as later in a detailed manner.
The number of base stations required in an area comes from the coverage
planning, and the number of transceivers required is derived from capacity
planning as it is directly associated with the frequency re-use factor.
Capacity Planning
There are three essential parameters required for capacity planning:
estimated traffic, average antenna height, and frequency Re-use.
Estimated Traffic:- Traffic in the network is dependent on the user
communication rate and user movement in the network. Traffic
estimation in the network is given in terms of erlangs. One erlang (1 Erl)
is defined as the amount of traffic generated by the user when he or she
uses one traffic channel for one hour (this one hour is usually the busy
hour of the network)
Average Antenna Height:-The concept of the average antenna height is
the basis of the frequency re-use pattern determining capacity
calculations in a cellular network. If Antenna Height is low then the
covered area is small in an Urban Area, Exactly the opposite is the case
in micro cellular environment.
Frequency Re-use:-Frequency re-use basically means how often a
frequency can be re-used in the network. If the average number of the
transreceivers and the total number of frequencies are known, the
frequency re-use factor can be calculated.

Capacity Enhancement Solutions
Conventional solutions
Cell splitting
Site distance reduction
Interference Reduction Features
New Site Plan
Optimize site properly
Extra Spectrum
Extended GSM (10 MHz)
Dual Band/ Dual Mode
Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)
Indoor Planning Solutions
City Planning
City Planning Enhancement Solutions
Conventional solutions
New Site planned
Building Height
Tower Heights
Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)

City Planning
The whole land area is divided into three major classes urban, suburban and
rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains
City Is coming under Dense Urban, Urban & Suburban.
City Planning requires from the planners is generally a network design that covers
100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are
made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to
have holes only in no-traffic zones.
The cells (sites) that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor
and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, micro-
cellular or pico-cellular.
Macro Cells:- When the base station antennas are placed above the average
roof-top level, the cell is a known as a macro-cell. A macro-cell range may vary
from a couple of kilometers to 35 km So this concept is used for rural
Environment.
Micro Cells:- When the base station antennas are below the average roof-top
level, then the cell is known as a micro-cell. The area that can be covered is
small, so this concept is applied in Dense urban and urban areas. The range
of micro-cells is from a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers.
Pico Cells:-Pico-cells are defined as the same layer as micro-cells and are
usually used for indoor coverage.

Highway Planning
In Highway planning needs High gain antenna as well as more
height.
This site is coming under clutter type Rural area.
This site is dedicated to highways & act as an backbone network for
those Rural area nearby the highway.

RF Planning on Asset
Tool
Creating a Project
Add a new project from the Add Project
Give a Project Name & Change the Following parameters as the Requirement:
Coordinate System:-The information is vital to locate the mapping
information on the earths surface. This information is obtained from the
data provided.
Map Projection
Ellipsoid
UTM Zone
Then Click Save button and then press OK.
Creating a Project
- Mapping data directory
Information relating to the location in the directory structure of
where the particular type of mapping data is held
Line (vector) data
Heights
Clutter
Text
Training On Asset Tool

Creating a Project
User data directory
Directory for storage of the user data types
User Preference
Prediction Directory
Max Disk Space (Default space 5 GB)
Colour Palette (C:\Program Files\AIRCOM International\Enterprise 6.0\Common)
Coverage Array Directory
User Line Vector (Data)

Creating a Project
- Map data extents
Defined the overall area that the user will be able to move around in the
2-D view
Click on Calculate Button.

Asset Planning Tool
Now Project created & Select the project by click on the Start Button.
2D Views Window
For a new project, the user will need to firstly lay down MSCs
and BSCs in hierarchical order.
1. Add
MSC
2. Add BSC
3. Add
Sites
4. Moving
5. Deleting
6. Moving antenna
7. Re-orientating
antenna
Site Database Window
Site Database
Site Database
To get all information regarding a site, Like GSM Antenna
Height, type, power, Lat/Long.
Site Database
Site Database
Site Database
Analysis
Predictions for all sites to be analysed are required before any
analysis is done

Analysis - Array Creation
Create Array
Create/display
Array
Coverag
e
Statistic
Add cell to
coverage
array
Add site to
coverage
array
Display
coverag
e for a
cell
Display
coverage
for a site
Cell signal
difference
Use to analysis network with frequency
hopping turn-on
Use to analysis network without
frequency hopping turn-on
Minimum signal level at which a
cell is considered to be a serving
cell
Use when there are predictions of
different resolution, to interpolate
and smooth all the different
resolutions to the selected one to
give a continuous resolution
coverage array
Settings
Options - Carriers
Settings
Option - Group
Settings
Option - Carrier Layers
Settings
Option - Cell Layer
Settings
Option - Cell Layer
Settings
Coverage Thresholds and Types
Create Array
Select the filter in Create Array windows & Press OK.
Then Processing for the Create Array.
Asset Planning Tool
After Processing Prediction Plot of the Site.
For multiple Site we can select required Site the go for Prediction.
Single Site Prediction
Multiple Site Prediction
Report
Export
The project can be exported to the following format :-
Coverage (MapInfo bitmap)
Enterprise
Coverage (Coversoft/GSM Association V6)
Coverage (InterGraph)
Coverage (MapInfo Mif)
Coverage (MapInfo Tiff)
Neptune
NPS/10
NPS/X
PlaNet/EET
Import
Asset can import data from :-

Enterprise

Neptune

NPS/X

PlaNet/EET
!!!! END !!!!

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