WAVES
WAVE MOTION
First situation
A boy kicks a ball and the ball accidentally hits and breaks the glass window producing noise. In this case, energy is transferred from the source (the boy) to the receiver (the glass window) by the matter (the ball). The noise we hear from the breaking glass is due to the energy transferred to our ears by sound
wave.
WAVE MOTION
Second situation
When we throw a stone into a pond, a ripple spreads out in an expanding circle from the source of disturbance. In this case, energy is transferred from the source (the stone) to the receiver (the cork) without involving the transfer of matter (the water). The movement of cork we see because of
water wave.
Wave motion
There are two ways of transferring energy:
Motion of objects
Motion by waves
TRANVERSE WAVES
Particles in the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Particles in the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of wave travel.
REFRESHER
Differences between transverse wave and a longitudinal wave
Type of wave
Examples
Transverse wave
Longitudinal Wave
REFRESHER
Differences between transverse wave and a longitudinal wave
Examples
Water wave Light wave Electromagnetic wave
Perpendicular Parallel
Sound wave
QUESTION
1. In an experiment, Aziz observes that a
simple pendulum completes 30 oscillations in 48.0 seconds. What is a) the period of oscillation? b) the frequency of oscillation?
string
bob
Solution:a) Period, T =
Time taken Number of complete oscillation = 48.0 30 = 1.6 s b) Frequency, = 1/ T = 1/ 1.6 = 0.625 Hz
QUESTION
2. The displacement-distance graph in below shows the motion of a transverse wave. The source of the wave produces 10 complete waves in one second.
Displacement, s (cm) 6
0 -6
25
a. b. c.
Distance, d (cm)
Calculate the amplitude Calculate the wavelength Calculate speed of the wave
Solution:a) Amplitude, A = 6 cm
b) Wavelength, = 4/5 x 25 cm
A O
Lets we refer page 6 (Practical Book) Experiment 1.3 Why not we try to do that activity?
DAMPING (Pelembapan)
The amplitude of oscillation of the simple pendulum will gradually decrease and become zero when the oscillation stops. The decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system is called damping.
System loss of energy to overcome frictional forces or air resistance. b) Internal Damping System loss of energy due to the extension and compression of molecules in the system.
Resonance (Resonans)
Barton s Pendulum
Rope
Pendulum A Retort
B
D E C
stand
Resonance
To enable an oscillating system to go on continuously, an external force must be applied to the system 1. External force Supplies energy to the system 2. Natural frequency Without the action of an external force 3. Resonance Resonance occur when frequency by external force equivalent to natural frequency of system and produce maximum amplitude. At this time, energy from outside will be transfer to oscillating system.
Phenomena of waves
1. Reflection of waves
2. Refraction of waves 3. Diffraction of waves
4. Interference of waves
Phenomena of waves
Reflection of waves
LAWS OF REFLECTION
The angle of incidence =The angle of reflection 2. The incidence wave, the reflected wave and the normal lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface.
1.
00 00
DO NOT CHANGE DO NOT CHANGE
FREQUENCY
SPEED OF WAVES
Incident wave
DO NOT CHANGE
CHANGE
DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION
Mirrors of a car
Defence
Periscope
Medication
Optical fibre
Telecommunications
QUESTION
1.
2. Which of the following are applications of reflection of waves I Radar II Ultrasonic imaging III Sonar A I only C I and III only B III only D I,II and III
Phenomena of waves
Refraction of waves
- Any types of wave can be refracted - Refracted can change of direction - Refraction occur when the speed of a wave changes, as it moves from one medium to another
Refraction of waves
1. Refraction of plane water waves 2. Refraction of light 3. Refraction of sound waves
V1 > v2
Deep water
Shallow water
x0 y0
Change Do not change Change Do not Change
Phenomena of waves
Diffraction of waves
- Diffraction involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle . - Water waves have ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through opening. -The spreading of waves around corners, around obstacles and
diffraction.
Do you still have problem to understand about diffraction of waves? Read this paragraph.
Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. Water waves have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings. This ability is most obvious for water waves with longer wavelengths. Diffraction can be demonstrated by placing small barriers and obstacles in a ripple tank and observing the path of the water waves as they encounter the obstacles. The waves are seen to pass around the barrier into the regions behind it; subsequently the water behind the barrier is disturbed. The amount of diffraction (the sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the waves are smaller than the obstacle, no noticeable diffraction occurs.
Incident Waves
Spreading Waves
V1
V2
Read this paragraph and try to get differences with reflection, refraction and diffraction
Reflection, refraction and diffraction are all boundary behaviors of waves associated with the bending of the path of the wave. The bending of the path is an observable behavior when the medium is a two- or threedimensional medium. Reflection occurs when there is a bouncing off of a barrier. Reflection of waves off straight barriers follows the law of reflection. Reflection of waves off parabolic barriers results in the convergence of the waves at a focal point. Refraction is the change in direction of waves which occurs when waves travel from one medium to another; refraction is always accompanied by a wavelength and speed change. Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles and openings; the amount of diffraction increases with increasing wavelength.
Figure A
Figure C
Figure B
Refraction
Diffraction
Phenomena of waves
Interference of waves
Principle of superposition:Simulations of superposition of waves
Principle of superposition
A
Lets us consider two waves A and B, A moves towards the right, and B move towards the left. What will be happen when this two waves meet each other? Wave interference is the phenomena which occurs when two wave meet while traveling propagating along the same medium.
or
Figure 1.5.1 ( Two crests are moving in opposite direction) When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur.
Interference of waves
(There are two types of interference) 1. Constructive interference
Interference of waves
(There are two types of interference) 2. Destructive interference
x
Nodal lines A D B Nodal lines
S1
S2
Youngs Formula
=ax D
- Wavelength a Distance between two sources of wave
To understand this Youngs Formula, refer example 1.2 in your text book page 26.
X - the separation between two adjacent nodes or antinodes D - Perpendicular distance between waves source to the position where x is measured
Sound waves are produced when vibrating object causes the air molecules around it to vibrate.
Propagation of sound
When you watch television, listen to the radio or cook something in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angle to each other and to the direction of propagation. Electromagnetic waves are produced when a charged particles (electron or nucleus) oscillates.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies and wavelengths over which electromagnetic wave are propagated.
Transverse wave
Do not require a medium To propagate and can travel In a vacuum
Undergo the same phenomena As light: reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
QUIZ
1. At an airport, a scanner is used to
examine passengers baggage The scanner is using A. microwave B. Infrared waves C. X-ray D. Gamma rays
Quiz
2. Peter shouts loudly in front of a concrete wall. After 1.4 s , he heard the echo of his voice. If the speed of sound in air is 330ms-1, find the distance between peter and wall. A. 110 m Formula to determine phenomena of the reflection B. 231 m of sound waves are: C. 308 m d = tv/2 D. 462 m E. 924 m
Quiz
3. A monochromatic light source with a wavelength of 600 nm is used in a Youngs double-slit experiment. A series of interference fringes is produced on a screen placed at a distance of 2.5 m from the two slits. What is the distance between the two slits if the distance between two consecutive dark fringes is 1.2 mm?