C# Language Overview (Part II)

Creating and Using Objects, Exceptions, Strings, Generics, Collections, Attributes Doncho Minkov
Technical Trainer
http://www.minkov.it
Telerik School Academy
schoolacademy.telerik.com

Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Creating and Using Objects Exceptions Handling Strings and Text Processing Generics Collection Classes Attributes

Using Classes and Objects

Using the Standard .NET Framework Classes

What is Class?
The formal definition of

class:

Classes act as templates from which an instance of an object is created at run time. Classes define the properties of the object and the methods used to control the object's behavior.
Definition by Google

Classes
Classes

provide the structure for objects

Define their prototype, act as template

Classes

define:

Set of attributes
Represented by fields and properties Hold their state

Set of actions (behavior)

Represented by methods
A class

defines the methods and types of data associated with an object

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Classes Example
Class Name
Account +Owner: Person +Ammount: double
+Suspend() +Deposit(sum:double) +Withdraw(sum:double)

Attributes (Properties and Fields)

Operations (Methods)

Objects
An object is a concrete instance of a particular

class
Creating

an object from a class is called instantiation

Set of values associated to their attributes

Objects have state

Example:

Class: Account Objects: Ivan's account, Peter's account

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Objects Example
Class
Account +Owner: Person +Ammount: double +Suspend() +Deposit(sum:double) +Withdraw(sum:double) ivanAccount

Object

+Owner="Ivan Kolev" +Ammount=5000.0

peterAccount +Owner="Peter Kirov" +Ammount=1825.33 kirilAccount +Owner="Kiril Kirov" +Ammount=25.0
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Object

Object

Classes in C#
Basic

units that compose programs (hidden) in C# can contain:

Implementation is encapsulated Classes

Fields (member variables)

Properties
Methods

Constructors
Inner types Etc. (events, indexers, operators, )
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Classes in C# Examples
Example of classes:

System.Console System.String (string in C#) System.Int32 (int in C#)

System.Array
System.Math

System.Random

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Declaring Objects
An instance of a class

or structure can be defined like any other variable:

using System; ... // Define two variables of type DateTime DateTime today; DateTime halloween;

Instances cannot be used if they are

not initialized
// Declare and initialize a structure instance DateTime today = DateTime.Now;
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Fields
Fields are data members of a class Can be variables

and constants of

Accessing a field doesnt invoke any actions

the object
Example:

String.Empty (the "" string)

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Accessing Fields
Constant fields can be only read Variable

fields can be read and modified

Usually properties

are used instead of directly accessing variable fields

// Accessing read-only field String empty = String.Empty;

Examples:

// Accessing constant field int maxInt = Int32.MaxValue;

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Properties
Properties

look like fields (have name and type), but they can contain code, executed when they are accessed fields (wrappers), but can contain more complex logic

Usually used to control access to data

Can have two components (and at least one

of them) called accessors

get for reading their value set for changing their value
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Properties (2)
According to the implemented accessors

properties can be:

Read-only (get accessor only) Read and write (both get and set accessors)

Write-only (set accessor only)

Example of read-only property:

String.Length

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Accessing Properties and Fields Example

using System; ... DateTime christmas = new DateTime(2009, 12, 25); int day = christmas.Day; int month = christmas.Month; int year = christmas.Year;

Console.WriteLine( "Christmas day: {0}, month: {1}, year: {2}", day, month, year);
Console.WriteLine( "Day of year: {0}", christmas.DayOfYear); Console.WriteLine("Is {0} leap year: {1}", year, DateTime.IsLeapYear(year));
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Instance and Static Members

Fields, properties

and methods can be:

Instance (or object members) Static (or class members)

Instance members are specific for each object

Example: different dogs have different name

Static members are common for all instances

of a class
Example: DateTime.MinValue is shared between all instances of DateTime
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Instance and Static Members Examples

Example of instance member

String.Length
Each string object has different length

Example of static member

Console.ReadLine()
The console is only one (global for the program)

Reading from the console does not require to create an instance of it

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Methods
Methods manipulate the data of the object to

which they belong or perform other tasks

Examples:

Console.WriteLine()

Console.ReadLine()
String.Substring(index, length) Array.GetLength(index)

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Instance Methods
Instance methods manipulate the data of a

specified object or perform any other tasks

If a value is returned, it depends on the particular class instance
Syntax:

The name of the instance, followed by the name of the method, separated by dot
<object_name>.<method_name>(<parameters>)

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Calling Instance Methods Examples

Calling

instance methods of String:

String sampleLower = new String('a', 5); String sampleUpper = sampleLower.ToUpper(); Console.WriteLine(sampleLower); // aaaaa Console.WriteLine(sampleUpper); // AAAAA

Calling

instance methods of DateTime:

DateTime now = DateTime.Now; DateTime later = now.AddHours(8);

Console.WriteLine("Now: {0}", now); Console.WriteLine("8 hours later: {0}", later);

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Static Methods
Static methods are common for all instances of

a class (shared between all instances)

Returned value depends only on the passed parameters

No particular class instance is available

Syntax:

The name of the class, followed by the name of the method, separated by dot
<class_name>.<method_name>(<parameters>)
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Calling Static Methods Examples

using System;

Constant field

Static method

double radius = 2.9; double area = Math.PI * Math.Pow(radius, 2); Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", area); // Area: 26,4207942166902
double precise = 8.7654321; double round3 = Math.Round(precise, 3); double round1 = Math.Round(precise, 1); Static Console.WriteLine( method "{0}; {1}; {2}", precise, round3, round1); // 8,7654321; 8,765; 8,8

Static method

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Constructors
Constructors

are special methods used to assign initial values of the fields in an object
Executed when an object of a given type is being created

Have the same name as the class that holds them

Do not return a value
A class may have several

constructors with different set of parameters

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Constructors (2)
Constructor

is invoked by the new operator

<instance_name> = new <class_name>(<parameters>)

Examples:
String s = new String("Hello!"); // s = "Hello!" String s = new String('*', 5); // s = "*****" DateTime dt = new DateTime(2009, 12, 30); DateTime dt = new DateTime(2009, 12, 30, 12, 33, 59);

Int32 value = new Int32(1024);

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Structures
Structures are similar Structures are usually

to classes

used for storing data structures, without any other functionality

Using methods is not recommended

Structures can have fields, properties, etc.

Structures are

value types, and classes are reference types (this will be discussed later)
System.DateTime represents a date and time
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Example of structure

What is a Namespace?
Namespaces are used to organize the source

code into more logical and manageable way

Namespaces can contain

Definitions of classes, structures, interfaces and other types and other namespaces
Namespaces can contain other namespaces For example:

System namespace contains Data namespace

The name of the nested namespace is System.Data
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Full Class Names

A full name of a class is the name of the class

preceded by the name of its namespace

<namespace_name>.<class_name>

Example:

Array class, defined in the System namespace

The full name of the class is System.Array

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Including Namespaces
The using directive in C#:
using <namespace_name>

Allows

using types in a namespace, without specifying their full name

using System; DateTime date;

Example:

instead of
System.DateTime date;
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Common Type System (CTS)

CTS defines all

data types supported in .NET

Framework
Primitive types (e.g. int, float, object) Classes (e.g. String, Console, Array)

Structures (e.g. DateTime)

Arrays (e.g. int[], string[,])

Etc.
Object-oriented by design

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CTS and Different Languages

CTS is common for all .NET languages

C#, VB.NET, J#, JScript.NET, ...

CTS type mappings:

CTS Type
System.Int32

C# Type
int

VB.NET Type
Integer

System.Single System.Boolean
System.String System.Object

float bool
string object

Single Boolean
String Object
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Value and Reference Types

In CTS there are two categories of types

Value types Reference types

Placed in different areas of memory

Value types live in the execution stack

Freed when become out of scope

Reference types live in the managed heap (dynamic memory)

Freed by the garbage collector
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Value and Reference Types Examples

Value types

Most of the primitive types Structures Examples: int, float, bool, DateTime
Reference types

Classes and interfaces

Strings
Arrays Examples: string, Random, object, int[]
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Exceptions Handling
The Paradigm of Exceptions in OOP

What are Exceptions?

The exceptions in .NET Framework are classic

implementation of the OOP exception model

Deliver powerful mechanism for centralized

handling of errors and unusual events

Substitute procedure-oriented approach,

in which each function returns error code

Simplify code construction and maintenance Allow

the problematic situations to be processed at multiple levels

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Handling Exceptions
In C# the exceptions can be handled by the

try-catch-finally construction
try { // Do some work that can raise an exception } catch (SomeException) { // Handle the caught exception }

catch blocks can be used multiple times to

process different exception types

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Handling Exceptions Example

static void Main() { string s = Console.ReadLine(); try { Int32.Parse(s); Console.WriteLine( "You entered valid Int32 number {0}.", s); } catch (FormatException) { Console.WriteLine("Invalid integer number!"); } catch (OverflowException) { Console.WriteLine( "The number is too big to fit in Int32!"); } }
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The System.Exception Class

Exceptions in

.NET are objects

The System.Exception class is base for all

exceptions in CLR
Contains information for the cause of the error or the unusual situation
Message text description of the exception StackTrace the snapshot of the stack at the moment of exception throwing InnerException exception caused the current exception (if any)
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Exception Properties Example

class ExceptionsTest { public static void CauseFormatException() { string s = "an invalid number"; Int32.Parse(s); } static void Main() { try { CauseFormatException(); } catch (FormatException fe) { Console.Error.WriteLine("Exception caught: {0}\n{1}", fe.Message, fe.StackTrace); } } }
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Exception Properties

The Message property gives brief description of the problem

The StackTrace property is extremely useful when identifying the reason caused the exception
Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct format. at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles style, NumberFormatInfo info) at System.Int32.Parse(String s) at ExceptionsTest.CauseFormatException() in c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 8 at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args) in c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 15
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Exception Properties (2)

File names and line numbers are accessible only if the compilation was in Debug mode

When compiled in Release mode, the information in the property StackTrace is quite different:
Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct format. at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles style, NumberFormatInfo info) at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args)

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Exception Hierarchy
Exceptions in .NET Framework are organized

in a hierarchy

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Types of Exceptions

All .NET exceptions inherit from System.Exception The system exceptions inherit from System.SystemException, e.g.
System.ArgumentException System.NullReferenceException System.OutOfMemoryException System.StackOverflowException

User-defined exceptions should inherit from System.ApplicationException

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Handling Exceptions

When catching an exception of a particular class, all its inheritors (child exceptions) are caught too
Example:
try { // Do some works that can raise an exception

} catch (System.ArithmeticException) { // Handle the caught arithmetic exception }

Handles ArithmeticException and its successors DivideByZeroException and OverflowException

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Handling All Exceptions

All exceptions thrown by .NET managed code inherit the System.Exception exception Unmanaged code can throw other exceptions For handling all exceptions (even unmanaged) use the construction:
try { // Do some works that can raise any exception } catch { // Handle the caught exception }
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Throwing Exceptions
Exceptions are thrown

(raised) by throw

keyword in C#
Used to notify the calling code in case of error or unusual situation
When an exception is thrown:

The program execution stops

The exception travels over the stack until a suitable catch block is reached to handle it
Unhandled exceptions display

error message
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How Exceptions Work?

5. Throw an exception

Method N Method 2

4. Method call

Method N Method 2

6. Find handler

3. Method call

7. Find handler

Method 1
2. Method call

Method 1
8. Find handler

Main() .NET CLR

Main()

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Using throw Keyword

Throwing an exception with error message:

throw new ArgumentException("Invalid amount!");

Exceptions can take message and cause:

try { Int32.Parse(str); } catch (FormatException fe) { throw new ArgumentException("Invalid number", fe); }

Note: if the original exception is not passed the

initial cause of the exception is lost

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Throwing Exceptions Example

public static double Sqrt(double value) { if (value < 0) throw new System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException( "Sqrt for negative numbers is undefined!"); return Math.Sqrt(value); } static void Main() { try { Sqrt(-1); } catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException ex) { Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message); throw; } }
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Strings and Text Processing

What Is String?
Strings

are sequences of characters

Each character is a Unicode symbol Represented by the string data type in C#

(System.String)
Example:
string s = "Hello, C#";

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The System.String Class

Strings

are represented by System.String objects in .NET Framework

String objects contain an immutable (read-only) sequence of characters

Strings use Unicode in to support multiple languages and alphabets

Strings

are stored in the dynamic memory (managed heap)

System.String is reference type

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The System.String Class (2)

String objects are like arrays of characters (char[])

Have fixed length (String.Length)

Elements can be accessed directly by index
The index is in the range [0...Length-1]
string s = "Hello!"; int len = s.Length; // len = 6 char ch = s[1]; // ch = 'e'

index = 0 1 2 3 4 5 s[index] = H e l l o !
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Strings Example
static void Main() { string s = "Stand up, stand up, Balkan Superman."; Console.WriteLine("s = \"{0}\"", s); Console.WriteLine("s.Length = {0}", s.Length); for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++) { Console.WriteLine("s[{0}] = {1}", i, s[i]); } }

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Declaring Strings
There are two ways

of declaring string

variables:
Using the C# keyword string Using the .NET's fully qualified class name System.String
string str1; System.String str2; String str3;

The above three declarations are equivalent

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Creating Strings
Before initializing

a string variable has null

value
Strings

can be initialized by:

Assigning a string literal to the string variable

Assigning the value of another string variable

Assigning the result of operation of type string

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Creating Strings (2)

Not initialized variables has value of null

string s; // s is equal to null

Assigning a string literal

string s = "I am a string literal!";

Assigning from another string variable

string s2 = s;

Assigning from the result of string operation

string s = 42.ToString();

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Reading and Printing Strings

Reading strings

from the console

Use the method Console.ReadLine()

string s = Console.ReadLine();

Printing

strings to the console

Use the methods Write() and WriteLine()

Console.Write("Please enter your name: "); string name = Console.ReadLine(); Console.Write("Hello, {0}! ", name); Console.WriteLine("Welcome to our party!");
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Comparing Strings
A number of ways

exist to compare two

strings:
Dictionary-based string comparison
Case-insensitive
int result = string.Compare(str1, str2, true); // result == 0 if str1 equals str2 // result < 0 if str1 if before str2 // result > 0 if str1 if after str2

Case-sensitive
string.Compare(str1, str2, false);

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Comparing Strings Example

Finding the first string in a lexicographical order from a given list of strings:
string[] towns = {"Sofia", "Varna", "Plovdiv", "Pleven", "Bourgas", "Rousse", "Yambol"}; string firstTown = towns[0]; for (int i=1; i<towns.Length; i++) { string currentTown = towns[i]; if (String.Compare(currentTown, firstTown) < 0) { firstTown = currentTown; } } Console.WriteLine("First town: {0}", firstTown);
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Concatenating Strings

There are two ways to combine strings:

Using the Concat() method
string str = String.Concat(str1, str2);

Using the + or the += operators

string str = str1 + str2 + str3; string str += str1;

Any object can be appended to string

string name = "Peter"; int age = 22; string s = name + " " + age; // "Peter 22"

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Searching in Strings

Finding a character or substring within given string

First occurrence
IndexOf(string str)

First occurrence starting at given position

IndexOf(string str, int startIndex)

Last occurrence
LastIndexOf(string)

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Searching in Strings Example

string str = "C# Programming Course"; int index = str.IndexOf("C#"); // index = 0 index = str.IndexOf("Course"); // index = 15 index = str.IndexOf("COURSE"); // index = -1 // IndexOf is case-sensetive. -1 means not found index = str.IndexOf("ram"); // index = 7 index = str.IndexOf("r"); // index = 4 index = str.IndexOf("r", 5); // index = 7 index = str.IndexOf("r", 8); // index = 18

index = 0 1 s[index] = C #

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11

12

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P r o g r a m m i n g
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Extracting Substrings
Extracting substrings

str.Substring(int startIndex, int length)

string filename = @"C:\Pics\Rila2009.jpg"; string name = filename.Substring(8, 8); // name is Rila2009

str.Substring(int startIndex)
string filename = @"C:\Pics\Summer2009.jpg"; string nameAndExtension = filename.Substring(8); // nameAndExtension is Summer2009.jpg
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

C : \ P i c s \ R i l a 2 0 0 5 . j p g
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Splitting Strings

To split a string by given separator(s) use the following method:

string[] Split(params char[])

Example:
string listOfBeers = "Amstel, Zagorka, Tuborg, Becks."; string[] beers = listOfBeers.Split(' ', ',', '.'); Console.WriteLine("Available beers are:"); foreach (string beer in beers) { Console.WriteLine(beer); }
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Replacing and Deleting Substrings

Replace(string, string) replaces all occurrences of given string with another

The result is new string (strings are immutable)
string cocktail = "Vodka + Martini + Cherry"; string replaced = cocktail.Replace("+", "and"); // Vodka and Martini and Cherry

Remove(index, length) deletes part of a string and produces new string as result
string price = "$ 1234567"; string lowPrice = price.Remove(2, 3); // $ 4567
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Changing Character Casing

Using method ToLower()

string alpha = "aBcDeFg"; string lowerAlpha = alpha.ToLower(); // abcdefg Console.WriteLine(lowerAlpha);

Using method ToUpper()

string alpha = "aBcDeFg"; string upperAlpha = alpha.ToUpper(); // ABCDEFG Console.WriteLine(upperAlpha);

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Trimming White Space

Using method Trim()

string s = " example of white space string clean = s.Trim(); Console.WriteLine(clean); ";

Using method Trim(chars)

string s = " \t\nHello!!! \n"; string clean = s.Trim(' ', ',' ,'!', '\n','\t'); Console.WriteLine(clean); // Hello

Using TrimStart() and TrimEnd()

string s = " C# "; string clean = s.TrimStart(); // clean = "C# "
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Constructing Strings
Strings

are immutable

Concat(), Replace(), Trim(), ... return new string, do not modify the old one
Do not use "+" for strings

in a loop!

It runs very, very inefficiently!

public static string DupChar(char ch, int count) { string result = ""; for (int i=0; i<count; i++) result += ch; Very bad practice. return result; Avoid this! }
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Changing the Contents of a String StringBuilder

Use the System.Text.StringBuilder class for modifiable strings of characters:

public static string ReverseString(string s) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = s.Length-1; i >= 0; i--) sb.Append(s[i]); return sb.ToString(); }

Use StringBuilder if you need to keep adding characters to a string

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The StringBuilder Class

Capacity StringBuilder: H e l l o , C # !
Length=9 Capacity=15

used buffer (Length)

unused buffer

StringBuilder keeps a buffer memory,

allocated in advance
Most operations use the buffer memory and do not allocate new objects
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StringBuilder Example
Extracting all capital

letters from a string

public static string ExtractCapitals(string s) { StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = 0; i<s.Length; i++) { if (Char.IsUpper(s[i])) { result.Append(s[i]); } } return result.ToString(); }

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Method ToString()
All classes

have public virtual method ToString()

Returns a human-readable, culture-sensitive string representing the object

Most .NET Framework types have own implementation of ToString()

int, float, bool, DateTime
int number = 5; string s = "The number is " + number.ToString(); Console.WriteLine(s); // The number is 5
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Method ToString(format)
We can apply

specific formatting when converting objects to string

ToString(formatString) method
int number = 42; string s = number.ToString("D5"); // 00042 s = number.ToString("X"); // 2A // Consider the default culture is Bulgarian s = number.ToString("C"); // 42,00 double d = 0.375; s = d.ToString("P2"); // 37,50 %
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Formatting Strings

The formatting strings are different for the different types

Some formatting strings for numbers:

D number (for integer types) C currency (according to current culture) E number in exponential notation P percentage

X hexadecimal number
F fixed point (for real numbers)
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Method String.Format()
Applies templates for formatting strings

Placeholders are used for dynamic text Like Console.WriteLine()

string template = "If I were {0}, I would {1}."; string sentence1 = String.Format( template, "developer", "know C#"); Console.WriteLine(sentence1); // If I were developer, I would know C#. string sentence2 = String.Format( template, "elephant", "weigh 4500 kg"); Console.WriteLine(sentence2); // If I were elephant, I would weigh 4500 kg.
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Composite Formatting

The placeholders in the composite formatting strings are specified as follows:

{index[,alignment][:formatString]}

Examples:
double d = 0.375; s = String.Format("{0,10:F5}", d); // s = " 0,37500" int number = 42; Console.WriteLine("Dec {0:D} = Hex {1:X}", number, number); // Dec 42 = Hex 2A
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Formatting Dates
Dates have their

own formatting strings

d, dd day (with/without leading zero) M, MM month yy, yyyy year (2 or 4 digits)

h, HH, m, mm, s, ss hour, minute, second

DateTime now = DateTime.Now; Console.WriteLine( "Now is {0:d.MM.yyyy HH:mm:ss}", now); // Now is 31.11.2009 11:30:32

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Collection Classes
Lists, Trees, Dictionaries

What are Generics?

Generics allow

defining parameterized classes that process data of unknown (generic) type

The class can be instantiated with several different particular types
Example: List<T> List<int> / List<string> / List<Student>

Generics are also

known as "parameterized types" or "template types"

Similar to the templates in C++ Similar to the generics in Java
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The List<T> Class

Implements the abstract

data structure list

using an array
All elements are of the same type T T can be any type, e.g. List<int>, List<string>, List<DateTime> Size is dynamically increased as needed
Basic

functionality:

Count returns the number of elements Add(T) appends given element at the end
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List<T> Simple Example

static void Main() { List<string> list = new List<string>(); list.Add("C#"); list.Add("Java"); list.Add("PHP"); foreach (string item in list) { Console.WriteLine(item); } // Result: // C# // Java // PHP }
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List<T> Functionality

list[index] access element by index Insert(index, T) inserts given element to the list at a specified position Remove(T) removes the first occurrence of given element RemoveAt(index) removes the element at the specified position

Clear() removes all elements

Contains(T) determines whether an element is part of the list
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List<T> Functionality (2)

IndexOf() returns the index of the first occurrence of a value in the list (zero-based)

Reverse() reverses the order of the elements in the list or a portion of it

Sort() sorts the elements in the list or a portion of it ToArray() converts the elements of the list to an array TrimExcess() sets the capacity to the actual number of elements
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Primes in an Interval Example

static List<int> FindPrimes(int start, int end) { List<int> primesList = new List<int>(); for (int num = start; num <= end; num++) { bool prime = true; for (int div = 2; div <= Math.Sqrt(num); div++) { if (num % div == 0) { prime = false; break; } } if (prime) { primesList.Add(num); } } return primesList; }
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The Stack<T> Class

Implements the stack

data structure using an

array
Elements are of the same type T T can be any type, e.g. Stack<int>

Size is dynamically increased as needed

Basic

functionality:

Push(T) inserts elements to the stack Pop() removes and returns the top element from the stack
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Stack<T> Example

Using Push(), Pop() and Peek() methods

static void Main() { Stack<string> stack = new Stack<string>(); stack.Push("1. Ivan"); stack.Push("2. Nikolay"); stack.Push("3. Maria"); stack.Push("4. George"); Console.WriteLine("Top = {0}", stack.Peek()); while (stack.Count > 0) { string personName = stack.Pop(); Console.WriteLine(personName); } }
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The Queue<T> Class

Implements the queue data structure using

circular resizable array

Elements are from the same type T
T can be any type, e.g. Stack<int>

Size is dynamically increased as needed

Basic

functionality:

Enqueue(T) adds an element to the end of the queue Dequeue() removes and returns the element at the beginning of the queue
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Queue<T> Example

Using Enqueue() and Dequeue() methods

static void Main() { Queue<string> queue = new Queue<string>(); queue.Enqueue("Message One"); queue.Enqueue("Message Two"); queue.Enqueue("Message Three"); queue.Enqueue("Message Four"); while (queue.Count > 0) { string message = queue.Dequeue(); Console.WriteLine(message); } }
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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class
Implements the abstract

data type "Dictionary" as hash table

Size is dynamically increased as needed Contains a collection of key-and-value pairs arranged by the hash code of the key h(key) = value Collisions are resolved by chaining

Dictionary<TKey,TValue> class

relies on

Object.Equals() method for comparing elements

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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class (2)

Object.GetHashCode() method for calculating the hash codes of the elements
Major operations:

Add(TKey,TValue) adds an element with the specified key and value into the dictionary Remove(TKey) removes the element with the specified key Clear() removes all elements this[] returns element by key
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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class (3)

Count returns the number of elements ContainsKey(TKey) determines whether the dictionary contains given key ContainsValue(TValue) determines whether the dictionary contains given value Keys returns a collection of the keys Values returns a collection of the values

TryGetValue(TKey,out TValue) if the key is found, returns it in the TValue, otherwise returns the default value for the TValue type
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Dictionary<TKey,Tvalue> Example
Dictionary<string, int> studentsMarks = new Dictionary<string, int>(); studentsMarks.Add("Ivan", 4); studentsMarks.Add("Peter", 6); studentsMarks.Add("Maria", 6); studentsMarks.Add("George", 5); int peterMark = studentsMarks["Peter"]; Console.WriteLine("Peter's mark: {0}", peterMark); Console.WriteLine("Is Peter in the hash table: {0}", studentsMarks.ContainsKey("Peter")); Console.WriteLine("Students and grades:"); foreach (var pair in studentsMarks) { Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1} ", pair.Key, pair.Value); }
93

Counting Words in Given Text

string text = "Welcome to our C# course. In this " + "course you will learn how to write simple " + "programs in C# and Microsoft .NET"; string[] words = text.Split(new char[] {' ', ',', '.'}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); var wordsCount = new Dictionary<string, int>(); foreach (string word in words) { if (wordsCount.ContainsKey(word)) wordsCount[word]++; else wordsCount.Add(word, 1); }

foreach (var pair in wordsCount) { Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1}", pair.Key, pair.Value); }

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Balanced Trees in .NET

Balanced

Binary Search Trees

Ordered binary search trees that have height of log2(n) where n is the number of their nodes Searching costs about log2(n) comparisons
.NET Framework has built-in implementations

of balanced search trees, e.g.:

SortedDictionary<K,V>
Red-black tree based map of key-value pairs
External libraries

like "Wintellect Power Collections for .NET" are more flexible

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Sorted Dictionary Example

string text = "Welcome to our C# course. In this " + "course you will learn how to write simple " + "programs in C# and Microsoft .NET"; string[] words = text.Split(new char[] {' ', ',', '.'}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); var wordsCount = new SortedDictionary<string, int>(); foreach (string word in words) { if (wordsCount.ContainsKey(word)) wordsCount[word]++; else wordsCount.Add(word, 1); } foreach (var pair in wordsCount) { Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1}", pair.Key, pair.Value); }
96

Attributes
What They Are? How and When to Use Them?

What Are Attributes?

Special declarative

tags for attaching descriptive information (annotations) to the declarations in the code are saved in the assembly's metadata

At compile time attributes

Can be extracted from the metadata and can

be manipulated by different tools

Instances of classes

derived from System.Attribute

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Attributes Applying Example

Attribute's

name is surrounded by square brackets and is placed before the declaration which it refers to:
[Flags] // System.FlagsAttribute public enum FileAccess { Read = 1, Write = 2, ReadWrite = Read | Write }

[Flags] attribute

indicates that the enum type can be treated like a set of bit flags
99

Attributes With Parameters

Attributes use parameters for initialization:

[DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint="MessageBox")] public static extern int ShowMessageBox(int hWnd, string text, string caption, int type); ... ShowMessageBox(0, "Some text", "Some caption", 0);

In the example the [DllImport] attribute is instantiated by the compiler as follows:

An object of System.Runtime. InteropServices.DllImportAttribute class is created and initialized
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C# Language Overview (Part II)

Questions?

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