MAGNETIC FIELD AND

MAGNETIC FORCES
MAGNETISM: Properties of Magnets
1. If a permanent bar magnet is free to rotate, one end would point
north this is the north pole or N-pole.
2. Like poles of two magnets repel and unlike poles attract.
to north
pole
3. If a permanent bar magnet is cut, it forms two smaller magnets
each with its own N and S poles.*
*A magnetic monopole has not been
observed in nature.
THE EARTH AS A MAGNET
The Earth's magnetic field is caused by electric currents in the
liquid outer core.
magnetic inclination angle of
the magnetic field line with the
surface of the earth.
Earth's magnetic field is tilted
with respect to the planet's spin
axis by about 11.
The magnetic field is near
horizontal at the equator and
vertical at the poles.
The magnetic field of the earth ranges from 30T to 60 T.
magnetic declination the
deviation of the magnetic axis
from the geographic axis.
THE EARTH AS A MAGNET
MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY
Hans Christian Oersted
(1777-1851) Danish
physicist and chemist who
accidentally discovered
the relationship between
electricity and magnetism.
In 1820, Oersted discovered that the
needle of a magnetic compass is deflected by
a current-carrying conductor.
In 1824, Michael Faraday discovered that a
moving magnet near a conducting loop
produces current in the loop.
A moving charge or current creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
The magnetic field exerts a magnetic force on any other
moving charge or current that is present in the field.
Magnetic field is a vector field, the direction of which is the
direction which the N-pole of a compass needle tends to point.
For a permanent magnet, the magnetic field points out of its
N-pole and into its S-pole.
MAGNETIC FIELD ( B )
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON MAGNETIC FORCE
ON MOVING ELECTRIC CHARGES.
A charged particle at rest experiences no magnetic force.
4. The magnetic force F is always perpendicular to both B and v.
1. The magnitude of the magnetic force F is directly proportional to
the charge q.
F |q |
2. The magnitude of the magnetic force F is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the magnetic field B.
F B
3. The magnitude of the magnetic force F is directly proportional to
the particles velocity v.
F v
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES
THE RIGHT-HAND RULE
V
B
F
The thumb points to the
direction of the charged particles
velocity v.
The index finger points to the
direction of the magnetic field B.
The middle finger points to the
direction of the magnetic force
acting on the charge F.
directions of vectors:
x away from observer:
toward the observer:
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES
B v q F

= | |
| sin | | B v q F =
B v q F =
units of B:
) ( 1 1 1 T tesla
Am
N
C
N
s
m
= =
tesla G gauss
4
10 ) ( 1

=
Example 1. A beam of protons ( q = 1.6 x 10
-19
C ) moves at
3.0 x 10
5
m/s through a uniform magnetic field with a magnitude 2.0
T that is directed along the +z-axis. The velocity of each proton lies in
the xz-plane at an angle of 30
o
to the +z-axis. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force on a proton.
Example 1. A beam of protons ( q = 1.6 x 10
-19
C ) moves at
3.0 x 10
5
m/s through a uniform magnetic field with a magnitude 2.0
T that is directed along the +z-axis. The velocity of each proton lies in
the xz-plane at an angle of 30
o
to the +z-axis. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force on a proton.
Example 1. A beam of protons ( q = 1.6 x 10
-19
C ) moves at
3.0 x 10
5
m/s through a uniform magnetic field with a magnitude 2.0
T that is directed along the +z-axis. The velocity of each proton lies in
the xz-plane at an angle of 30
o
to the +z-axis. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force on a proton.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
Magnetic field lines show the direction of the magnetic field
at any point in the field.
the line through any point
is tangent to the magnetic
field vector.
where field lines are close
together, the magnetic
field magnitude is greater.
magnetic field lines never
intersect.
the direction of the magnetic
field points away from N-
pole and toward S-pole.
magnetic field lines have no
ends.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
(a) C-shaped magnet
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
(b) Straight Wire
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
(c) Coil (d) Solenoid
MAGNETIC FLUX (u
B
)
magnetic flux is a measure of the amount of magnetic field
passing through a given surface.
Consider a surface area A divided into area elements dA.
Determine the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the
area element.
A d B d
B
= u
dA B d
B
| cos = u
The magnetic flux on the area element is
where | is the angle between B and the
area vector A.
MAGNETIC FLUX (u
B
)
}
= u A d B
B
}
= u | cos BdA
B
The magnetic flux for the whole area is
For a regularly-shaped area:
| cos BA
B
= u
Maximum magnetic flux:
BA
B
= u
unit: ) (
2
Wb weber Tm =
A
B
B
u
=
Magnetic Flux Density another term for magnetic field.
GAUSSS LAW FOR MAGNETISM
}
= 0 dA B
The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
(for any closed surface )
MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
L CENTRIPETA MAGNETIC
F F =
R
mv
qvB
2
=
qB
mv
R =
Radius of circular orbit in
magnetic field:
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
| sin B v q F =
| sin B
t
l
q F
|
.
|

\
|
=
| sin B l
t
q
F
|
.
|

\
|
=
I
I
| sin B l I F =
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR
I
I
| sin B l I F =
B l I F =
Example 2. A straight horizontal copper rod carries a current of
50.0 A from west to east in a region between the poles of a large
electromagnet. In this region, there is a horizontal magnetic field in
the direction 45
o
NE with a magnitude of 1.20 T. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force on a 1.00-m section of the rod.
| sin B l I F =
45 sin ) 20 . 1 )( 00 . 1 )( 50 ( T m A F =
upward N F , 4 . 42 =
| sin B dl I dF =
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CONDUCTOR
B l d I F d =
For any conductor (straight or not), divide it into infinitesimal
segments dl.
}
= | sin B dl I F
Example 3. Find the total magnetic force on a composite conductor
carrying a current I (see figure below).
0 = = B l I F
A
.
= = j ILB B L I F
B
semicircle portion (F
C
):
B dl I dF =
B Rd I dF u =
u u cos B Rd I dF
x
=
u u sin B Rd I dF
y
=
0 cos
0
= =
}
t
u ud RB I F
x
}
=
t
u u
0
sin d RB I F
y
IRB RB I F
y
2 )] 0 cos ( ) cos [( = = t
.
= j IRB F
C
2
. .
+ + = + + = j IRB j ILB F F F F
C B A
2 0
.
+ = j R L IB F ) 2 (
B is eastward.
(a)
x
(b)
MAGNETIC TORQUE t
Consider a wire loop carrying a current I inside a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude B.
B
I L
W
axis
F
x
F
B
F
I
x
F
W/2 W/2
axis
Fr = t
( )
2
2
W
F = t
( )
2
) ( 2
W
ILB = t
MAGNETIC TORQUE t
B
F
I
x
F
W/2 W/2
axis
( )
2
) ( 2
W
ILB = t
( ) LW IB) ( = t
BIA = t
If the current loop has N number of turns
NBIA = t
MAGNETIC TORQUE t
BIA =
max
t
When the magnetic field and
the area vector are perpendicular,
the magnetic torque is maximum.
B
F
I
x
F
W/2 W/2
A
B
F
I
x
F
A
|
| sin
2
W
| t sin BIA =
If the angle between the
magnetic field and the area vector is
|, the magnetic torque is
MAGNETIC MOMENT
A I =
The product IA is called the magnetic moment (which
is a vector whose direction is that of the area vector).
| t sin B =
B = t
B
F
I
x
F

|
| sin
2
W
Magnetic torque tends to rotate the loop in the
direction of decreasing |.
ELECTRIC MOTOR
ANSWER: 0.024 T, +y direction
ANSWERS: (a) 0.030 T, +j
(b) 0.017 T, -j