PART I

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Basic principles in hormone actions: Many effects of one hormone are antagonized by another hormone This helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones Pineal Gland

-Main hormone secreted MELATONIN
-Role Melatonin

--Mammals : Regulate reproductive activity in response to environmental light cycles e.g. Some mammals mate in summer (lot of light), while others mate in winter (low light).

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Thyroid Gland
-Produces 3 main hormones

-Triiodothyronine (T3) -Thyroxine (T4) Regulate body metabolism and are important in bone growth and maturation of the brain -Congenital lack of thyroid hormones: Cretinism. -Calcitonin
Acts by reducing calcium levels

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Parathyroid Gland
-Parathyroid Hormone Raises Blood Calcium (antagonize Calcitonin) This hormone acts on bone, kidney and the gut

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Thymus Gland
-Thymosin : Stimulates the production of Lymphocytes -Thymostatin : Inhibits the production of Lymphocytes Thymus : Important for the neonatal production of antibodies

Thymus : Gland being at the center of endocrine, neural, and immune systems

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Heart
-Granular cells in the heart muscle secrete Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) ..ANF : Regulates blood pressure, blood volume, and excretion of water, sodium and potassium ..ANF : Also a neuropeptide in the brain

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Gastrointestinal Hormones

-The mucosa of the GI tract secretes a dozen PEPTIDE hormones 3 most important: 1. Secretin : Secreted in the small intestine Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate and has other functions on digestion 2. Gastrin: Secreted in the walls of stomach Stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion 3. Cholecystokinin : Secreted in the small intestine Stimulate gall bladder contraction Stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Pancreas
Endocrine cells in the pancreas secrete 2 major types of hormones 1. Insulin : Secreted in response to increase in blood glucose levels ; So insulin LOWERS glucose levels by INCREASING glucose UPTAKE in cells where it is stored as glycogen. 2. Glucagon : Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

A parte : Insulin & Diabetes Insulin & Diabetes

Diabetes : Hyperglycemia, ie. Elevated Blood Sugar 2 Types : The distinction is based upon whether the blood sugar problem is caused by insulin deficiency (Type 1) or insulin resistance (Type 2) Type 1- Insulin Deficiency : There is not enough insulin produced by the pancreas so the patient must inject insulin on a daily basis Type 2 - Insulin Resistance : There is plenty of insulin but the cells of the body are resistant to its action so, increase in blood sugar This form is controlled by a strict diet

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones Adrenal Glands

2 parts : Medulla & Cortex
Adrenal Cortex : 3 categories of steroid hormones 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Sex Steroids Adrenal Medulla 1. Adrenaline 2. Noradrenaline

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Adrenal Cortex
Androgen Estrogen
Stress Hormone, converts stored proteins to carbohydrate during stress. Antiinflammatory and Immunosuppressive functions.
If there is a sodium deprivation, Aldosterone is secreted and acts to increase reabsorption of sodium ions (NA+) in the kidneys salivary glands, and sweat glands. Influence sexual differentiation and bodily changes during puberty

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Adrenal Medulla
Adrenaline : Released following stress due to environmental extremes; Increases heart rate and blood glucose levels so, increases the amount of work the muscles can do (FLIGHT) Noradrenaline : As Adrenaline, act as a NT in the brain Periphery; increase blood pressure and constrict blood vessels (noradrenaline, stress, and heart disease)

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones Gonads ; Testes

The male gonads : produces Androgens Primary androgen = TESTOSTERONE Other androgen : Dihydrotestosterone Androstenedione Testosterone : Important for masculinization Control of sperm production Development of male sexual characteristics Activation of sexual and aggressive behaviors

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones Gonads ; Ovaries

2 major classes of hormones ESTROGENS PROGESTINS
Primary ESTROGEN : Estradiol others : Estriol Estrone Synthetic estrogens : Birth control pills Estrogens : -Development of sexual characteristics at puberty -Influence metabolic rate -Influence sexual and maternal behavior

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones Gonads ; Ovaries

PROGESTIN : Progesterone
-Stimulates breast and uterine enlargement at puberty & during menstrual cycle -Maintains pregnancy (inhibits menstrual cycle during pregnancy) Other hormone released at the end of pregnancy : Relaxin Acts to prepare the birth canal. Estrogen and Progesterone act in synergy.

The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Placenta
-Hormones secreted by the fertilized egg (Used in pregnancy tests)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Act by keeping progesterone high at the beginning of a pregnancy Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) Stimulates the mammary glands to begin to secrete milk

PART II The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Also called the HYPOPHYSIS

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

-Attached to the HYPOTHALAMUS

-Secretion of the pituitary hormones is regulated by hypothalamus -HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY connection

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

ANATOMY ADENOhypophysis NEUROhypophysis -3 parts --> Anterior Lobe -pars distalis --> Intermediate Lobe -pars intermedia --> Posterior Lobe -pars nervosa (neural cells) direct extension of the hypothalamus

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

PVN SON -Neuroscretory Cells -Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) -Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
AXONS

-Hormones secreted

-OXYTOCIN -VASOPRESSIN
Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Neurohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

PVN SON

OXYTOCIN & VASOPRESSIN -Are really HYPOTHALAMIC hormones

AXONS

-OXYTOCIN :
2 main functions

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

--> promotes uterine contractions --> stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands during lactation

Neurohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

PVN SON

-VASOPRESIN :
--> Antidiuretic hormone --> Raises blood pressure --> promotes water reabsorption by kidneys --> centrally : may promote memory - Binding proteins for both oxytocin & vasopressin --> Neurophysins

AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Neurohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (ANTERIOR)
AXONS

Mechanism for release of hormones

True endocrine gland because release hormone in the bloodstream (hypophysal portal system)

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

1. Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus release their hormones at the median eminence
Median eminence

2. Hormones circulate in bloodstream

3. Carried to the adenohypophysis

4. Stimulates secretion of other hormones from the adenophysis 5. These hormones are then released in the bloodstream to reach their target cells.

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 1. Growth Hormone (GH) (also called somatotropin) tropic=stimulating effect
AXONS

GH = promotes growth in almost all body cells

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Adenohypophysis

A lot of attention for degenerative disease.. -Alzheimer -Parkinson -Anti-Aging etc.

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH

AXONS

Role : Stimulates synthesis and release of glucocorticoid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 1970s : Role of memory .little problems..

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH

AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Role : Stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodochyronine (T3) from the thyroid.

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 3 last hormones= .gonadotropic hormones
4. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Role : In both sexes, promotes the development of reproductive cells (gametes) and promotes secretion of gonadal hormones Males : stimulates sperm production Females : stimulates growth of primary follicle of ovary

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 3 last hormones= .gonadotropic hormones 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

AXONS

Role :
Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Female : Stimulates ovulation and formation of progesteronesecreting cells Males : Stimulates cells that secrete androgens (e.g. testosterone)

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones 3 last hormones= .gonadotropic hormones 6. Prolactin (PRL)

AXONS

Role : Initiates milk synthesis in mammary glands

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Other functions related to growth & parental behavior Interaction with serotonin also (important in depression)

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Non traditional hormone from the adenohypophysis --> beta-endorphin

AXONS

Derivative from POMC POMC : synthesized in the pars distalis and pars intermedia Broken down into ACTH, MSH & beta-endorphins by enzymes

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Adenohypophysis

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Beta-Endorphin : Role to play in --> Analgesia --> Learning and Memory --> Psychiatric diseases --> Feeding, Thermoregulation, --> Blood pressure --> also called the drug of the jogger..

The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone

Pars Intermedia : Not present in adult humans but present in fetal humans and mammals
AXONS

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Also called the Infundibulum

Synthesize the hormone called Melanocyte stimulating hormones which acts in amphibian to change skin color.

Pars Intermedia

Our friend Watson : Sex & Sunshine MSH..

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