INSC201: Energy!

Instructors: Hunnicutt & Skrobiszewski (sec 001-TR 11:00-12:15), Reveles & Skrobiszewski (sec 002 -TR 5:30-6:45), Reber (sec 011 -MWF 1pm), Woodworth (sec 012-MWF 2 pm), (sec 013-MWF 3 pm) Pre-requisites: Math 131 or Stat 208 (proficiency with basic algebra) Highly Recommended: CPS clicker (register at Blackboard) Optional: Energy, Environment & Climate by Wolfson
Why is the bulb crossed out?

p. 1

Syllabus for INSC201: Energy!

Class Work (15% or 0%) need CPS clicker Homework (35%) due weekly on Wed by 8 am in LON-CAPA Quizzes (20% or 25%) due bi-weekly on Wed by 8 am in LON-CAPA Mid-term exam (10% or 15%) in-class and closed-book Final exam (20% or 25%) in-class and closed-book Grade calculated using both Method #1 & Method #2 and highest grade is assigned. Class work is not required but highly recommended!

p. 2

Syllabus Questions
Have you used LON-CAPA before? (a) yes (b) no

Can you make-up a homework or quiz?

(a) yes

(b) no

For clicker class work, the answer must be correct for credit (unless starred) and there is a maximum of 10 points. If you miss 4 questions one day (out of 16 questions), then what is your score? (a) 6 pts (b) 7 pts (c) 8 pts On a quiz, if you correctly answered all 10 questions but used two tries on four of the questions, then what is your score? (a) 80% (b) 90% (c) 100% How many grades can you drop for the following: class work, homework, and quizzes? (3-digit answer)

p. 3

Reinforcement of Course Material

(1) Clicker Questions

(2)

LON-CAPA Homework
Mindful PRACTICE!

Exam Questions

(3)
p. 4

Discussion Question: Energy Challenges

Which energy-related challenge are you most concerned about?
(a) Rising energy costs (b) Climate change (e.g., global warming)

(c) Pollution such as acid rain

p. 5

Discussion Question: Energy Conservation

Which of these actions are you willing to do now? (Enter in numeric order.) (1) Recycle (cans, plastics, paper). (2) Adjust your thermostat (5 colder in winter, warmer in summer). (3) Drive 20% fewer miles, take public transportation, or drive a more fuel efficient vehicle. (4) Pay 30% more for gasoline and/or electricity for "energy" taxes. (5) Nothing.

p. 6

Topic 1: Our Earth!

Approximately how old is the Earth? (a) 4.6 million years (b) 4.6 billion years (c) 4.6 trillion years

Approximately how many years have homo sapiens lived on Earth? (a) 2,000 years (b) 200,000 years (c) 20 million years

p. 7

History of Earth

Anaerobic Photolife-forms synthesis

Aerobic life-forms

p. 8

Photosynthesis
When plants convert CO2 and water into sugar fuel, the process: (a) requires energy (b) releases energy

Sunlight ENERGY
Carbon Dioxide Gas Sugar fuel

Water
Chlorophyll

Oxygen Gas

Consumed

Produced
p. 9

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis consumes __________. (Enter in numeric order.) (1) O2 and sugar fuel (2) CO2 and H2O (3) energy Photosynthesis produces __________.

Sunlight ENERGY
Carbon Dioxide Gas Sugar fuel

Water
Chlorophyll

Oxygen Gas

Consumed

Produced
p. 10

Respiration (Combustion)
When life forms breathe and "combust" sugar fuel, the process: (a) requires energy (b) releases energy Aerobic Life form

Oxygen Gas

Sugar fuel

Carbon Dioxide Gas

Water

ENERGY!
p. 11

Respiration (Combustion)
Respiration consumes __________. (Enter in numeric order.) (1) O2 and sugar fuel (2) CO2 and H2O (3) energy Aerobic Life form Respiration produces __________.

Oxygen Gas

Sugar fuel

Carbon Dioxide Gas

Water

ENERGY!
p. 12

Size of Earth
What is the approximate circumference of the Earth? (a) 6,400 km (b) 40,000 km (c) 12,800 km Which is larger? (a) km (kilometer) (b) mile

p. 13

Structure of Earth
What major magnetic element comprises the Earths inner core? (a) steel (b) lead (c) iron Does Earths magnetic field protect it from the solar wind? (a) yes (b) no

p. 14

Temperature of Earth
Earths temperature has changed about 30 C over the past few billion years, where it has usually been warmer than today.

A temperature change of 30 C correspond to a change of how many degrees in Fahrenheit? (Format = XX) Hint: A change of 1C corresponds to a change of 1.8 F.

p. 15

Composition of Earth's Atmosphere

The "young" Earth had an atmosphere that contained N2 and CO2. Oxygen was not yet present because _______ did not yet occur. (a) photosynthesis (b) anaerobic life forms

Today, the atmosphere is roughly 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. What gas has always been present in Earth's atmosphere? (a) carbon dioxide (CO2) (b) oxygen (O2) (c) nitrogen (N2)

p. 16

Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

In which layer does temperature increase with altitude? (a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Mesosphere
60 50 40

Mesosphere ~50 80 km

Altitude (km)

30
20 10

Stratosphere ~10 50 km OZONE heats up!

Troposphere ~0 10 km 80% mass

40 20 0 20
p. 17

60

Temperature (C)

Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

In which layer does weather occur (and above which planes fly!)

(a) Troposphere

(b) Stratosphere

(c) Mesosphere

What important gas exists in the stratosphere and helps protect us from ionizing ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun? (a) ozone (O3) (b) carbon dioxide (CO2) (c) nitrogen (N2)

Now we will look at the electromagnetic radiation from the sun . . .

p. 18

Sunlight is Part of Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

ORDER the types of EM radiation from highest to lowest energy. = infrared (1) UV (2) IR (3) visible (3-digit answer) IR UV = ultraviolet

Shorter Wavelength HIGHER Energy

Longer Wavelength LOWER Energy

Gamma Rays
Violet

X-rays Ultra

violet

Infrared

Radio Waves
Micro wave TV FM AM

Visible Light

Red

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

p. 19

Incoming Radiation from Sun

The Suns EM radiation peaks at which color in the visible spectrum? (a) violet (b) blue/green (c) red
PHET of Blackbody Radiation

Visible
Ultraviolet Infrared

p. 20

Sunlight Reaching Earth through Atmosphere

Does the Earths atmosphere absorb some UV? 7% UV 46% Visible Infrared (a) yes (b) no 47% % incoming sunlight

Sunlight OUTSIDE atmosphere

Sunlight INSIDE atmosphere reaching Earths surface

400 x HIGHER Energy

750 1000

1500

2000

Wavelength (nm)

2500 500 LOWER Energy

p. 21

Visible Part of Sunlight

What is the shortest wavelength (or highest energy) light that our eyes usually can see in units of nanometers (nm)? (= violet) (a) 100 nm (b) 280 nm (c) 400 nm (d) 750 nm (e) 1000 nm What is the longest wavelength (or lowest energy) light that our eyes usually can see? (= red)
Your eye is most sensitive to the color green. Which statement is true? (a) green has a shorter wavelength than red (b) green has a longer wavelength than red

p. 22

Ultraviolet Part of Sunlight

What type of UV light is completely absorbed by the atmosphere? (a) UVA (b) UVB (c) UVC What type of UV light causes sunburn and is used for sunscreen ratings?

p. 23

Outgoing EM Radiation from Earth

Radiation from the Earth is in what region of the EM spectrum? (a) ultraviolet (< 400 nm) (b) visible (c) infrared (> 750 nm) Hint: Colder Earth emits lower-energy radiation than hotter Sun!
PHET of Blackbody Radiation

10 mm or 10,000 nm

48 mm
p. 24

Role of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

When greenhouse gases re-emit IR photons, about what percentage travel back down to Earth? (a) 10% (b) 50% (c) 100% 1. Photons (yellow) of sunlight travel to Earth
PHET of GHG Effect

3. GHGs absorb and emit IR photons (red)

2. Earth absorbs suns photons and emits IR photons (red) p. 25

Role of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

Indicate the correct ORDER for the steps given below in the greenhouse gas (GHG) effect. (4-digit answer) (a) Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. (b) The sun emits visible radiation. (c) Greenhouse gases absorb and emit IR radiation. (d) The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits IR radiation. Without the GHG effect the Earths average temperature would be about 4 F (20 C). The GHG effect increases the Earths average temperature by about 35 C to: (pay attention to units!) (a) 30 F (b) 60 F (c) 80 F

p. 26

Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere

Water vapor = 60% of natural greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide (CO2) = 26% Methane (CH4) + nitrous oxide (N2O) + ozone (O3) = 8% Rank the following gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least. (a) H2O (b) N2 and O2 (c) CH4 (d) CO2
Vibrations and Bending of CO2 = Greenhouse Gas that absorbs infrared

p. 27

Molecules and Light

PHET of molecules & light

ORDER the types of EM radiation from highest to lowest energy. (1) UV (2) IR (3) visible (4) microwave (4-digit answer) Which type of EM radiation causes molecular vibration in some molecules? Which type of EM radiation causes molecular rotation? Which type of EM radiation causes molecular bonds to break in some molecules? (3-digit answer) ORDER the types of molecular actions from highest to lowest energy. (3-digit answer) (1) breaking bonds (2) molecular vibration (3) molecular rotation
p. 28

CO2 Processes on Earth

Determine whether each process decreases (enter 0) or increases (enter 1) CO2 levels in the atmosphere. (4-digit answer) volcanic action weathering of rocks with rain containing dissolved CO2 photosynthesis burning of forests or gasoline (combustion)

p. 29

CO2 Feedback Cycle on Earth

If the Earth's temperature increases, then (a) rock weathering increases and the CO2 concentration increases. (b) rock weathering increases and the CO2 concentration decreases. (c) rock weathering decreases and the CO2 concentration decreases. (d) rock weathering decreases and the CO2 concentration increases.

If the Earth's temperature initially increases, then rock weathering causes the Earths temperature to eventually:
(a) increase more (b) decrease again

p. 30