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CS 1308 Computer Literacy and the Internet

DIGITAL IMAGES

Creating Digital Pictures


A traditional photograph is an analog representation of an image. Digitizing a picture is the act of creating picture elements (pixels) to represent the image. The process is similar to the sampling of analog audio The more pixels, the better the quality The more bits for each pixel, the closer the approximation The human eye can be tricked into filling in the missing pieces

A 15x12 picture

One Pixel

15x12 = 170 total pixels

Resolution
The number of pixels
The higher the resolution, the clearer the picture Increased resolution allows you to zoom in and

see more detail Higher resolution increases the size of the file in memory

Aliasing
Zoomed in 5 times

Notice the Pixelation

Colors
RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
How many bits for one color in this cube?

Image Colors

45,000 Colors

256 Colors

Image Colors

45,000 Colors

16 Colors

Image Colors

45,000 Colors

2 Colors

Image Colors

45,000 Colors

250 Grey scale tones

Pixel Densities
Resolution Example

How much space?


For each pixel you have to store a color or grey scale.
Resolution 300x200 = 60,000 pixels
8 bit greyscale (256 tones) 60KB
24 bit true color 180KB (3 bytes per pixel)

Graphics File Formats


Raster Graphics
Stores information on a pixel-by-pixel basis BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG

Vector Graphics
Stores a description of shapes in the picture Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)

JPEG vs GIF
JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group Forgent Networks claims patent on key algorithm 24 bit color Lossy compression Cleverly removes portions of picture that humans wont see Very good for pictures, realistic scenes Allows use to select amount of compression

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)


Patented by Compuserve 256 colors Lossless compression Good for line drawings, clip art

Digital Cameras
Much like a normal camera in terms of optics
Has advantage of knowing what a picture looks like immediately

Digital Pictures
Image is acquired by

absorbing reflected light and recording the wavelengths (very similar to sampling audio) The sensor takes the place of the film Stored in proprietary RAW format before download to computer Sensor sends digital signals to be processed and stored in non-volatile memory

Megapixels?
What does it mean?
Amount of sensor information Allows for more pixels at maximum resolution

Why is 5 megapixels better than 3 or 4?


Can they really zoom in on pictures like on

CSI?

Displaying Images
Display types
CRT LCD Gas Plasma

15

Typical resolutions

800x600 1024x768 1152x864 1280x1024

12 19

4 to 3 ratio
Movies are 16:9

Refresh rate
Interlacing

Graphics Card

Graphics Cards
Hardware that connects monitors to your PC
Have processors, memory, clocks Almost sub-computers Controls resolution and refresh rate

Drivers
Software that allows graphics cards to interface with monitors Specific to Operating Systems Linux often has worse support because fewer people use it

Some card include tuners for television


NTSC

MPEG Compression
MPEG-1
video resolution of 352-by-240 at 30 frames per second (fps) quality slightly below the quality of conventional VCR videos

MPEG-2

offers resolutions of 720x480 and 1280x720 at 60 fps full CD-quality audio sufficient for all the major TV standards, including NTSC, and even HDTV MPEG-2 is used by DVD-ROMs. MPEG-2 can compress a 2 hour video into a few gigabytes decompressing an MPEG-2 data stream requires only modest computing power, encoding video in MPEG-2 format requires significantly more processing power

MPEG-4
graphics and video compression algorithm standard that is based on MPEG-1

and MPEG-2 and Apple QuickTime technology Wavelet-based MPEG-4 files are smaller than JPEG or QuickTime files designed to transmit video and images over a narrower bandwidth and can mix video with text, graphics and 2-D and 3-D animation layers

Digital Animation
Programs used to describe

desired output
Maya

Images are rendered one

screen at a time
24 fps More for slow motion Takes a lot of computer time

Graphics machines need A

LOT of memory, processor speed, and secondary storage

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