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  • Neurotransmitter - Prof. Rondang

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    Yoga Witular
    61 tayangan35 halaman
    The document discusses neurotransmitters and their roles in the nervous system. It covers several key points: 1) The nervous system controls mental and physical activities like movement, thought, feeling, and reasoning through neurotransmitters. 2) Neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin regulate emotion and behavior. 3) Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include GABA and glycine, while excitatory ones include glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The balance between these controls body movements. 4) Common neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, serotonin, catecholamines, nitric oxide, and endocannabinoids like those found in marijuana. Their roles, synthesis pathways,

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    301013 - Neurotransmitter - Prof. Rondang

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    The document discusses neurotransmitters and their roles in the nervous system. It covers several key points: 1) The nervous system controls mental and physical activities like movement, thought, feeling, and reasoning through neurotransmitters. 2) Neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin regulate emotion and behavior. 3) Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include GABA and glycine, while excitatory ones include glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The balance between these controls body movements. 4) Common neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, serotonin, catecholamines, nitric oxide, and endocannabinoids like those found in marijuana. Their roles, synthesis pathways,

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PPT, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    61 tayangan35 halaman

    Neurotransmitter - Prof. Rondang

    Diunggah oleh

    Yoga Witular
    The document discusses neurotransmitters and their roles in the nervous system. It covers several key points: 1) The nervous system controls mental and physical activities like movement, thought, feeling, and reasoning through neurotransmitters. 2) Neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin regulate emotion and behavior. 3) Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include GABA and glycine, while excitatory ones include glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The balance between these controls body movements. 4) Common neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, serotonin, catecholamines, nitric oxide, and endocannabinoids like those found in marijuana. Their roles, synthesis pathways,

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PPT, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 35

    NEUROTRANSMITTERS

    Rondang Soegianto

    2009

    The nervous system controls and regulates every mental and physical activity

    * Movement
    * thought (concrete & abstract) * Feeling * reasoning
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    Alertness = Function of CNS Coma = Inability to respond to stimulus Including pain Coma >< Alertness

    Relation of brain function to


    rational thought individual personality

    Until now still unexplainable

    Brain functions at 2 levels


    * Macroprocessor for all sensory input and motor function

    Contains human characteristics: memory, emotion, rationality

    Personality: Interface between those 2 functions


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    LIMBIC System plays a key role in


    EMOTION Limbic system = Ring of forebrain structures surrounding brain stem interconnected by neuronal pathways Functionally related with higher cortex
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    Cortex provides neural mechanism for skeletal muscle activity to display emotional expression (smiling)
    Capable of consciously suppressing External manifestation of emotional behavior
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    Norepinephrine ! ! Dopamine ! ! Serotonin !

    Neurotransmitters for Emotion & Behavior

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    Some neurotransmitters (NT) function thru intracellular second-messenger system

    Example: Effect of epinephrine on the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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    Neurotransmitters (NT) and Neuromodulators (NM)

    Synthesized in neurons.
    Metabolic center of neurons called: Cell body, cyton, perikaryon
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    A. Typical neuron. Transmitter released across synaptic gap B. Typical neurosecretory cell. Neurosecretion released into blood vessel Found in hypothalamus and pituitary cell
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    No sharp distinction between NT and NM


    Distinction based on synaptic activity NT has direct effect on synaptic membrane NM modulates or regulates action of NT
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    Acetylcholine
    Synthesized in synaptic terminals from Asetyl-CoA + Phosphatidylcholine (or circulating choline)

    Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) CAT = marker for cholinergic synapses


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    Acetil-CoA produced in mitochondria from - Piruvate oxidative decarboxylation - - Oxidation of fatty acids Phosphatidylcholine abundant in biomembranes Alanine Etanolamine Choline Phosphatidyletanolamine Phosph.choline = Lecithin
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    Nicotinic ACh (nACh) - Ionotropic - Found in synapses at muscular junctions Also present in brain Muscarinic Ach (mACh) - Metabotropic - In brain synapses: mACh >> nACh - Coupled to G-protein - Stimulates adenilyl cyclase - Controls K+-channel
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    Myasthenia Gravis Autoimmune disease Antibodies synthesized against own nAChReceptor complex destroyed Ach released by motor neuron terminals on motor end plate not taken up by nAChRs Muscular weakness

    Treatment: Neostigmine, inhibits AChEsterase


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    AMINO ACIDS

    Excitatory Amino Acids - Glutamic acid - Aspartic acid


    Inhibitory Amino Acids - -Amino-butyric acid (GABA) - Glycine Control of body movements need balanced Between excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
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    Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid = Non-essential amino acids Synthesized in synaptic mitochondria from Krebs cycle components oxaloacetate (Asp) and -ketoglutarate (Glu) GABA formed by decarboxylation of Glu by Glutamic acid decarboxylase Glycine = smallest amino acid Mostly restricted to spinal cord and brain stem
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    Serotonin = 5-hydroxytryptamine Formed from tryptophan - Tryptophan hydroxylase - Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase Stored in vesicles Sequestration blocked by reserpine Free serotonin 5- HIAA (5-OH indole ac.acic) Enzyme: MAO (monoamine oxidase) Inhibited by Iproniazid
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    Catecholamines Dopamine Norepinephrine


    Purines Externally applied ATP can cause vasodilation, esp. coronary vasodltn

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    Cannabis ( Marijuana, Hashish) Psychoactive compound extracted from Cannabis sativa Effect in brain memory loss

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    Nitric oxide (NO) Formed from arginine by NO synthase Not sequestered into vesicles No subsynaptic receptors No reuptake system into presynaptic receptors Small molecules diffuse from site of production Volume transmission >< Wiring Transmission
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