Comparative Anatomy

Digestive System
Note Set 11 Chapter 13

Digestive System
Six major subdivisions Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small & large intestine Rectum

Digestive System

Agnatha - straight digestive tube

Coiled tube evolved with lengthening of tract

Figure 11.1: Simple to complex digestive systems.

Oral Cavity

Begins at mouth, ends at pharynx Tongue in floor of cavity Palate in roof of cavity Primary palate Secondary palate Teeth

Figure 11.2: Human oral cavity.

Palates

Primary palate in anamniotes- nasal passageways empty into oral cavity

Ex: Salamander

Secondary palate of amniotes- extends to pharyngeal cavity

Internal nares
Figure 11.3: Oral cavity of amphibian (a) and mammal (b).

On jaws normally Cheeks in mammals form pocket Acrodont teeth- fish and snakes Bicuspid- amphibians Tricuspid- lizards Pleurodont teeth- snakes Thecodont teethcrocodilians

Teeth

Figure 11.4- Cross section of jaw.

Figure 11.5- Types of cusps.

Jaw Teeth and Cheek

Used for storage- rodents and squirrels Modified placoid scales- sharks Polyhyodont- permanent replacement of teeth Diphyodont- two sets of teeth Monophyodont- one set of teeth

Bird Teeth

Egg caruncle- all egg layers

Not actual tooth Structure epidermal, horny, keratinized On tip of snout To penetrate egg shell

Figure 11.6: Egg caruncle of 15 day old owlet.

Reptilian Teeth

Egg tooth- lizards and snakes

Actual tooth Upper jaw To penetrate egg shell

Figure 11.7: Monitor egg tooth..

Modifications of Snake Teeth

Aglyphous- no modifications for venom delivery Solenoglyphous- retractable teeth, fangs Proteroglyphous- fangs in front of mouth Opisthoglyphous- fangs in back of mouth
Figure 11.8: Position, cross and longitudinal sections of aglyphous (1), opisthoglyphous (2), and solenoglyphous (3) fangs.

Mammalian Teeth

Incisors

For cutting Ex: elephant tusks For piercing Ex: walrus tusks

Canines

Premolars & Molars

To matriculate food
Figure 11.9: Mammalian teeth specializations.

Diastema- space without teeth; e.g., no canines

Mammalian Teeth

Heterodont dentition Other varieties

Homodont- all teeth the same Bunodont- all teeth on single plain Sectorial teeth carnassials; e.g., upper premolar and lower molar in carnivores

Dental Formula

Catarrhines and humans have 2-1-2-3=16 x 2 = 32 total teeth Canines: 3-1-4-2 and 3-1-4-3 If 0 is present, diastema is present

Figure 11.10: Dental formulae.

Tongue

Immobile in jawed fish Fleshy in higher vertebrates

Frog- tongue shoots out and draws back Glandular field secretes sticky fluid

Immobile tongue- turtles, crocs, and some birds Flexible tongue- nectar feeding bats and snakes

Forked tongue of snake

Figure 11.11: Jacobsons organ (sensing apparatus) of snake and forked tongue.

Oral Glands

Named based on location

Labial- near the lips Palatal- near palate Internasal Sublingual- releases venom Parotid- salivary gland Submaxillary

Birds have few oral glands

Swifts

Figure 11.12: Swift and nest.

Pharynx

In embryo, exhibits series of lateral pharyngeal pouches

Gives rise to various glands Slits in pharyngeal region

Figure 11.13: Embryonic pharyngeal arches and oral development.

Figure 11.14: Adult regions of pharynx.

Pharynx

Constant Features in Tetrapods

Glottis-slit to larynx

Covered by epiglottis

Eustachian tube- opening Esophagus- opening

Pharynx further subdivided for food and air passage Foramen cecum- groove on back of tongue

Vestigial structure the leads to embryonic thyroid gland

Pharynx

Figure 11.15: (a) Upper respiratory tract of human showing pharynx regions and (b) hyoid and larynx.

Esophagus

Muscular tube connecting pharynx and stomach Can be short Crop- specialization in birds
Outpocketing of esophagus Used to store food Pigeons milk

Figure 11.16: Esophagus and crop of bird.

Stomach

Muscular chamber Secretes gastric juices Different lining of stomachs

Esophageal-like epithelia Glandular epithelia 4 chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum Cardiac sphincter- esophagus meets stomach Mostly lined with gastric epithelium
Figure 11.17: Stomach of mammals with esophageal-like epithelia in gray and glandular epithelia in red.

Ruminant stomach

Human stomach

Stomach Structure

Greater and lesser curvature Messentaries

Greater omentum attaches along greater curvature Lesser omentum attaches along lesser curvature

Cecum- increases surface area 2 parts in bird and crocodile stomach

Proventiculus-glandular Gizzard- grinding mill (gastroliths)

4-Chambered Stomachs

Rumen- food enters

Bacterial action

Reticulum- forms a bolus Omasum- reswallowed grass

Salivary action

Abomasum- food worked out by gastric glands

Figure 11.18: Stomach of calf.

Small Intestine

Duodenum- 1st segment Bile and pancreatic ducts Jejunum and Ileum subdivisions

Figure 11.19: Digestive tract showing regions of small intestine.

Small Intestine

Brunners Glands- mucous glands in duodenum and jejunum Peyers Patches- lymphatic nodules in ileum Crypts of Lieberkhns- intestinal glands at base of villi Lacteals- within villiinterior lymphatic vessels

Transport fat molecules to circulatory system

Valve of Kirckring- increases surface area

Small Intestine

Figure 11.20: Histology of alimentary canal of a mammal showing various glands of small intestine.

Large Intestine

Fish and amphibians - straight and short Amniotes- divided into colon and rectum Ileocecal valve- allows passage from small intestine into large Sigmoid flexure- S-shaped region at rectum Cecum- aids in absorption

Terminates at vermiform appendix Cloaca- common chamber for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products to empty (includes monotremes)
Figure 11.21: Large intestine of human.

Liver

Liver is diverticulum of primitive gut Liver produces bile

Bile stored in gallbladder Common bile duct

Ampulla of Vater- terminal portion

Figure 11.22: Development of liver and pancreas.

Pancreas

Pancreas diverticulum of gut Duct of Santorini- small, dorsal pancreas Duct of Wirsung- large, ventral pancreas Accessory duct- large duct after small, dorsal duct disappears Exocrine and endocrine glands

Islets of Langerhans- endocrine glands

Rectal gland- diverticulum in sharks

Literature Cited
Figure 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18 & 11.22- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 11.2- http://www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/ Figure 11.6- http://gargravarr.cc.utexas.edu/owl/2002/ Figure 11.7- http://www.proexotics.com/collection_nonPE9.html Figure 11.8- http://www.kingsnake.com/reptilia-italia/My_HomePage_file/snakesgeneral.htm Figure 11.9- http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/zoology/22 Figure 11.11- http://www2.worldbook.com/features/reptiles/html/body_senorg.html Figure 11.12- http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/whatyoucando/attracthousemartins/index.asp Figure 11.13- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes7.html Figure 11.14- http://www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/ Figure 11.19- http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=49 Figure 11.20- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 11.21- http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/lrg_intest.htm