Colles Fracture

A Colles' fracture is a fracture of the distal metaphysis of the radius with dorsal angulation and displacement leading to a 'silver fork deformity Pasien terjatuh dalam keadaan tangan terbuka dan pronasi.

Smith Fracture/reverse Colles fracture

Smith's fractures occur in younger patients and are the result of high energy trauma on the volar flexed wrist. Pasien jatuh dengan posisi punggung tangan menopang (supinasi)

Robin Smithuis Radiology department of the Rijnland Hospital in Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
Wrist Fractures: What the Clinician Wants to Knowby Charles A. Goldfarb, MD, Yuming Yin, MD, Louis A. Gilula, MD, Andrew J. Fisher, MD and Martin I. Boyer, MD Radiology. 2001;219:11-28. Treatment of Unstable Distal Radial Fractures with the Volar Locking Plating Systemby Kevin C. Chung et al The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2006;88:2687-2694. Trauma and Fractures in Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online Palmar Tilt of the Distal Radius: Influence of Off-lateral Projection Initial Observationsby Marco Zanetti, MD, Louis A. Gilula, MD, Hilaire A. C. Jacob, PhD and Juerg Hodler, MD Radiology. 2001;220:594-600 HOW TO CLASSIFY DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURESA Report by the IFSSH BONE AND JOINT COMMITTEE Muller AO Classification of FracturesDownload the illustrations as packages: Radius/Ulna: ZIP File (351 KB) Unstable extra-articular fractures of the distal radiusA PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMISED STUDY OF IMMOBILISATION IN A CAST VERSUS SUPPLEMENTARY PERCUTANEOUS PINNING by T. Azzopardi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87-B: 837-840 Indications for Reduction in Distal Radius Fracturesby David L. Nelson, MD of the International distal radius fracture study group by Diego Fernandez, Jesse Jupiter Springer, New York, Second Edition, 2002, ISBN 0-387-95195-4.

Galeazzi Fracture
Fracture of the proximal radius with associated distal radioulnar joint dislocation.

Also known as a Reverse Monteggia Fracture.

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Monteggia Fracture
Fracture of the ulna with accompanying radial head dislocation

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Boxer's Fracture
Occurs during a punch with a closed fist. Usually involves the fifth metacarpal, but the fourth metacarpal may also be involved.

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Bennett Fracture
An intra-articular fracturedislocation of the base of the first metacarpal . The most common mechanism of fracture is axial loading of the first metacarpal (i.e., during a fist fight). Dorsal subluxation is the most common dislocation.
http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Scaphoid Fracture
Most commonly fractured carpal. Rarely occurs in pediatric patients. Occurs during extreme dorsiflexion of the wrist (i.e., a fall on the hands) or extreme ulnar deviation. If this fracture is missed, necrosis of the proximal pole may occur due to disruption of the blood supply, that, in many patients is provided only through the distal pole.

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Lunate Dislocation

Lunate and perilunate dislocations are most commonly a result of a fall on an out-stretch hand or a blow to the palm that results in severe dorsiflexion and ulnar deviation. The lunate is typically dislocated, rotating medially. This is best seen on the lateral view, with the typical radius-lunate-capitate line of bones progressing distally. http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Perilunate Dislocation
Perilunate fracture-dislocations occur two to three times more frequently than lunate dislocations. The lateral view shows the lunate in proper alignment with the radius. The capitate is dislocated. Three quarters of all perilunate dislocations are associated with a scaphoid fracture. AP view often reveals "crowded carpals" in which the proximal and distal rows of carpals are overlapped.
http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Triquetral Fracture

The triquetrum is the second most commonly fractured carpal (scaphoid is first). Fractures are usually avulsions from the dorsal surface. A lateral view of the hand is typically required for diagnosis. Soft tissue abnormalities of the dorsum of the wrist can aid in diagnosis.

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

Pisiform Fracture
Unusual. Typically result from a crush injury or a strong impact to the hypothenar eminence.

http://www.meded.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/1hw/39.html

The rectum extends from the anorectal junction to the sigmoid. The rectosigmoid junction is arbitrarily defined as 15 cm above the anal verge. A tumor more than 15 cm above the anal verge is regarded and treated as a sigmoid tumor. Since we cannot detect the anal verge on MR, it is best to measure from the anorectal angle. A tumor more than 15 cm above the anorectal angle is regarded and treated as a sigmoid tumor. Rectal cancer can be divided into: Low rectal cancer: distal border is 0- 5 cm from the anorectal angle Mid rectal cancer: distal border is 5-10 cm from the anorectal angle High rectal cancer: distal border is 10-15 cm from the anorectal angle

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DHF

Classification of Shocks