AN-NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF AL-OYOON HOSPITAL-NABLUS

Graduation Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For The Degree Of B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering. Supervisor: Dr. Ramiz Alkhaldi The Students: Amin Udeh (10611326) Salem Hassoun (10615008) Omar Sabanah (10644946) Mohammad jawabri (10717105)

May - 2011

INTRODUCTION. Al-oyoon hospital, north of Nablus, located at the top of the north mountain at Nablus-Aseera street. The hospital has four departments A,B,C and D. In this project, only the mechanical systems of department A and C are calculated , A and C department has four stores , each one has an area of more than 2000 m2.

In this project, there is many mechanical systems was designed, like:

HVAC systems (heating, cooling, ventilation, fresh air, exhaust are systems). Potable water system (hot water supply and return, cold water supply).

Drainage system, Venting system, Fire fighting system, Medical gases system.

1) HVAC SYSTEM : Hot water heating system : Hot water heating system consists of: Boiler. Piping net work. Expansion tank. Circulation pump.

General procedure for calculating total heat load:

Select inside design condition (Temperature, relative humidity). Select outside design condition (Temperature, relative humidity). Select unconditioned temperature. Find over all heat transfer coefficient Uo for wall, ceiling, floor, door, windows, below grade. Find area of wall, ceiling, floor, door, windows, below grade. Find Qs conduction. Find V inf , V vent . Find Qs, QL vent, inf. Find Q domestic hot water. Find Q total and Q boiler. The heating load calculation begins with the determination of heat loss through a variety of building envelope components and situations. 1- Walls 2- Roofs 3- Windows 4- Doors 5- Basement Walls Basement Floors 6- Infiltration Ventilation

The Heat Loss Equation: Qs)cond = U* A* ( Ti - To ). Qs)vent = 1.2 Vvent*(Ti-To)

Qs = Qs)cond + Qs)vent ......... Qboiler = (Qs+Qw)*1.1

Uext = 1.24 W/m2.oCUint = 2.53 W/m2.oC Ti = 22 oCTo = 5.7 oC

Uwind = 5 W/m2.oC... Udoor = 3.6 W/m2.oC

Uceiling = 0.88 W/m2.oC Where:

U: overall heat transfer coefficient A: area Ti: inside design temperature To: outside design temperature

Cooling Load Calculation: For ceiling :

Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr
Where: (CLTD)corr = (CLTD + LM) K + (25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4)

Where :
CLTD: cooling load factor K:color factor:

K=1 dark color

K=0.5 light color

For walls : Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr Where: (CLTD)corr =(CLTD + LM) K + (25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4) Where : CLTD: cooling load factor K:color factor: K=1 dark color K=0.83 medium color K=0.5 light color

For glass : Heat transmitted through glass Q=A*(SHG)*(SC)*(CLF) SHG: solar heat gain SC: shading coefficient CLF: cooling load factor Convection heat gain: Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr (CLTD)corr = (CLTD)+(25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4)

For people :

Qs=qs*n*CLF
qL=qL*n where:

Qs,QL: sensible and latent heat gain

qs,qL: sensible and latent gains per person n: number of people

CLF: cooling load factor

For lighting : Qs=W*CLF Where: Qs: net heat gain from lighting W:lighting capacity: (watts)

For equipments : Qs=qs*CLF QL=qL Qs,QL: sensible and latent heat gain. CLF: cooling load factor

Results of heating and cooling load for each floor:

Floor No.

1st Floor

2nd Floor

3rd Floor

4th Floor

Heating Load (ton) Cooling Load (ton)

32.7

30.9

26

34.3

59.8

56

48

60.2

Ventilation and exhaust air: Definition of ventilation: Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. Method of calculating ventilation: Its calculated from tables depending on the number of people or on the area of the roam in general. Definition of exhaust air: Its the air which withdrawn from the room to the atmosphere to make complete cycle in which we allow fresh air to enter the room and withdraw the exhaust air to the atmosphere.

Method of calculating exhaust air: Its equal to the fresh air rate in general but we can make it larger than fresh air if we need positive pressure or smaller than fresh air if we want negative pressure.

2) POTABLE WATER : The pipes conveying water to water closets shall be of sufficient size to supply the water at a rate required for adequate flushing without unduly reducing the pressure at other fixtures Separate sewer connections. Every building intended for human habitation or occupancy on premises abutting on a street in which there is a public sewer shall have a separate connection.

How to size pipe based on flow rates. Identify the gpm requirement of the furthest head from the zone valve. For systems with only one zone use the head furthest from the main line point of connection (POC). On a Friction Loss Chart for the type of pipe selected, find the gpm amount from 1st item in the far left column. In that row, move right across the chart until a velocity of less than 5 feet per second is reached.

Move up that column to find the minimum pipe size necessary to carry the flow to this head.
Add the gpm requirement of the last and the next to the last head together to size the next pipe. Find the total gpm in the 1st column of the Friction Loss Chart and repeat steps 3 and 4.

Continue this process until you reach the zone valve or main line POC.
Select the largest of the pipe sizes for the entire zone.

3) DRINAGE AND VENT SYSTEMS : In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent is a system that removes sewage and grey water from a building and vents the gases produced by said waste. Waste is produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers, and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water. All fixtures must contain traps to prevent gases from backing up into the house. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to a soil stack, or soil vent pipe, which extends from the building drain at its lowest point up to and out of the roof. Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. Cesspits are generally prohibited in developed areas.

Drainage system sizing :

Fixture unit values presently recommended for assignment to various kinds of plumbing fixtures which discharged into sanitary drainage systems are stated in table10-1. They are provides as a means for computing sizes of soil, waste, and vent piping bases upon the loading effects produced by the discharge of many different kinds of plumping fixtures commonly installed in buildings.

Venting mechanisms : To prevent the problems of high pressure in a drain system, sewer pipes will usually vent via one of two mechanisms.

Sizing of vent piping :

Table 4-3 used for sizing vent stacks in accordance with drainage stack capacity loads.

4) FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM :

Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fire. If involves the study of the behavior compartment, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies as will as the research and development production, testing and application of mitigating.
The wet stand pipe system is designed in our project for its advantages on dry system and the Palestinian system in fire fighting. Fire dampers are installed in the supply of each fan coil to not allow fire to spread of fire and stop the oxygen source. Sizing :

Each pipe of landing valve is 2 , each pipe of cabinet is 1 and the rest of pipes is 4.

5) MEDICAL GASES :

Medical gases are very important in hospitals, the main application of it inside the surgery operations rooms and in patient rooms to help the patients.
There is many medical gases are used in hospitals, like : Oxygen (O2) Medical Air (MA) Medical Vacuum (MV) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Nitrogen (N2) Instrumental Air (IA) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Waste Anesthesia Gas Disposal (WAGD or EVAC)

Designing Medical Gas Systems : Estimating flow requirements

Selecting equipment
Pipe sizing Zone valves and alarms

Electrical service
Equipment space requirements Number of outlets

Flow rate per outlet (depends on the specific gas and outlet type)
Diversity factor (depends on the number and type of outlets)

Pipe Sizing : Flow Rate (considering diversity), the flow rate inside the pipes are calculated due to the diversity factor, in the pipes outlets the flow rate is (1), in the other lines the ones in outlets that the pipe supplies it are calculated and multiplied by the diversity factor because not all the outlets are used in the same time, then the pipe sizes are calculated from table 6-4. The friction loss in the pipes are shown in table 6-4, and it's depend on the size that was selected in the previous step, the friction loss are calculated for each pipe of the longest line, and this help us to now the medical gas compressor power, then calculate the equivalent length of the longest pipe line by multiplying the total length by 1.5 and then the friction loss inside the elbows are including in the calculations.

From table 6-4, increasing in the pipe diameter will decrease the friction loss and that useful for the compressor power and keep money.

6) SELECTION :

Example of Fan coil unit selection:

Fan coil no.

model

Fan speed

Air flow rate 1816

DBT

Entering wet bulb temp (oF)

Total

Sensible

GPM WBD

capacity capacity(BT (BTUH) 49767 UH) 39465 9.954 4.02

DC18 4Rows

76

63

Chiller selection :

WPD

KW

GPM

CAP

Ambient temp.(oF)

LWT

MODEL

6.25

207

551.8

229.9

85

50

APS 2052S

Boiler selection : Q(boiler) = Q(heating) + Q(domestic)

Q(domestic) = m*Cp*T
M = 59 GPM = 59*3.7/60 = 3.64 L/S Q(domestic) = m*Cp*T = 3.64*4.18*60/24 = 35 Kw/hour

Assuming that hot water is used for 2 hours then:

Q(domestic) = 35*2 = 70 Kw
.

Q(boiler) = Q(heating) + Q(domestic) = 430 + 70 = 500 Kw

Model

Description

KW

Maximum temp (oF)

Maximum pressure (PSIG)

CHS

High capacity

500

358

135

Diffuser selection:

Outlet velocity FPM 2000

Total pressure

Neck size in mm

CFM

0.25

225*225

410

Exhaust fan selection: External state pressure (Inch water) 1 RPM KW 0.75 RPM KW 0.5 RPM KW 0.25 RPM K CFM MODEL

W
797 5.306 754 4.9 709 4.5 663 4.1 05 1010 0 1000

Potable water pump selection: Pump head = Friction losses(F.L)-Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure (Fixture pressure) Now to Find Friction losses(F.L): The longest distance and the largest residual pressure was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (16*3.28*22.5 + 4.5*3.28*17.2 + 23*3.28*12.8 + 6.5*3.28*10.8)/100 Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings:F.L = 1.5*26.5 = 40 Psi Back Pressure (B.P) = 5Psi Residual Pressure ( Fixture pressure) = 8 Psi . Pump head = 40+85 = 43Psi Pump flow rate =190 GPM (Using fixture unit (880F.U))

Motor Type 215FR Electric 3PH

Horsepower Ports Casting Pressure Flow PUMP (HP) (Inlet*Discharge) Material (Psi) (GPM) MODEL 10 2-1/2*1-1/2 ANSI 304S 82 250 4K192MT3

Hot water pump selection : Pump head = Friction losses(F.L)+Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure (Fixture pressure) Now to Find Friction losses(F.L): The longest distance and the largest residual pressure was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (16*3.28*40 + 4.5*3.28*31 + 23*3.28*22.5 + 6.5*3.28*17.2)/100 Multiplying by 2 because there is a return line: F.L = 2*46 = 93 Psi

Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings: F.L=1.5*93=140 Psi Back Pressure(B.P) = 4*5= 20Psi . Residual Pressure ( Fixture pressure) = 10 Psi Pump head = 140+20+10=170Psi Pump flow rate =50 GPM (Using fixture unit 120F.U)
Motor Type 56FR Electric 1PH Horsepower (HP) 1/2 Ports (Inlet*Discharge) 1-1/2*1 NPT Casting Material 304S Pressure Flow PUMP (Psi) (GPM) MODEL 13 52 3K392B T0

Fire pump selection and tank size : Pump head = Friction losses (F.L)Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure Fire Fighting. Now to Find Friction losses (F.L): The longest distance was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (4.95*9*3.28 +4.73*38*3.28 +15*3.5*3.28+4.95*69+3.28+ 18.9*12*3.28)/100 Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings:F.L=1.5*27.8=42 Psi Back Pressure(B.P)=5Psi Residual Pressure( Fire Fighting)=100 Psi . Pump head = 42+100-5=137Psi Pump flow rate =1000 GPM Tank size =1000*90 = 90000Gallon = 90000*3.7/1000 = 333 m3 Motor KW/rpm 185/2900 Diesel Pump Item Engine No. KW/rpm 170/2900 K451A000 Pump Model 100-315 Range (m) Range Psig Fire duty Usgpm 133-145 193.2-210.2 1000

Boiler chimney : The assumption of the boiler chimney: H = 15 m, CV=39000, = 80%, g= 1.1, v = 5m/s Pb=101.32, Ra= 287, Ta=25+273=298, Tg=250+273=523. mf = Qb/ CV* = 500/39000*0.8 = .016kg/s mg = 25.2*mf = .403 kg \s Ac = mg / g v = 0.0733 m2 Ac = /4 * D2 - D = 30.5cm =35 cm Q flow= mg/ g =.403 / 1.1= 0.366 m3/s ----p/ L = 0.5 pa/m p= 0.5*(15*1.5) = 11.25 pa But Pboiler = (Pb*g*H)/Ra * ((1/Ta)-(1/Tg)) = 71.5 pa Pboiler > p= 0.5*(15*1.5) = 11.25 pa So, no need for fan.

Finished Thank you for your attention