JJ207 THERMODYNAMICS 1

CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Apply the fundamental concepts of Thermodynamics. Classify the fundamental concepts of Thermodynamics.

1.1 Apply The Fundamental Concepts Of Thermodynamics

Specific Objectives: At the end of the unit, you will be able to: 1. Describe the concepts of dimension, SI and Imperial units. 2. Describe the dimensional homogeneity. 3. Solve unit conversion.

Fundamental Units

The system of units called SI (International System of Units). It is a legally accepted system in many countries. There are six fundamental physical quantities which absolutely independent of one another.
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Fundamental Units
QUANTITY
Mass Time Length Temperature Electric Current

UNIT
Kilogram Second Meter Degree Kelvin Ampere

SYMBOL
kg s m K A

Luminous Intensity
Amount of Matter

Candela
Mole

cd
mol

Derived Units
All physical quantities which can be expressed in terms of one or more of the fundamental units are known as derived quantities. For example: area, volume, density, velocity etc since they depend on one or more of the fundamental quantities.

Derived Units
QUANTITY
Area

UNIT
meter square

SYMBOL m2

NOTES

Volume
Velocity Acceleration

meter cube
meter per second meter per second squared

m3
m/s m/s2

1 m3 = 1000 litre

Density
Force Pressure

kilogram / meter cube

Newton Newton / meter square

kg/m3
N N/m2 1 N = 1 kgm/s2 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa; 1 bar = 105 N/m2
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Imperial Units
The system of imperial units or the imperial system is also known as British Imperial. The system came into official use across the British Empire. Some examples: inch, feet, yard, miles, gallon, pound, stone etc.
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DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
Dimensional homogeneity is the quality of an equation having quantities of same units on both sides. A valid equation in physics must be homogeneous, since equality cannot apply between quantities of different nature. This can be used to spot errors in formula or calculations.
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DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
For example, the following formulae could be valid expressions for some energy:

If m is a mass, v and c are velocities, p is a momentum, h is Plancks constant, a length. On the other hand, if the units of the right hand side do not combine to [mass][length]2/[time]2, it cannot be a valid expression for some energy.
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UNIT CONVERSIONS
Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors. For examples:
1 kg = 1000 g 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm 1 km = 1000 m 1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds 1 bar = 1 x 105 N/m2 = 1 x 102 kN/m2 1 m3 = 1000 litre or 1 litre = 1 x 10-3 m3
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MULTIPLYING FACTORS
Multiplying Factor
1000000000000 1000000000 1000000 1000

Prefix tera giga mega kilo

Symbol T G M k
Do you know?

1012 109 106 103

Multiple Prefix
1024 1021 1018 1015 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24 yotta zetta exa peta femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol
Y Z E P f a z y
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100
10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001

102
101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

hecto
deca desi centi milli micro nano pico

h
da d c m n p

UNIT CONVERSIONS
EXAMPLES: 1. Convert 1 km/h to m/s. 2. Convert 25 g/mm3 to kg/m3.
Tutorial: Convert the following data: 1. 3 N/cm2 to kN/m2 2. 15 MN/m2 to N/m2 3. 15 mg/litre to kg/m3

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1.2 Classify The Fundamental Concepts Of Thermodynamics

Specific Objectives: At the end of the unit, you will be able to: 1. Define the principles of a system, boundary, surrounding. 2. Define energy conversion. 3. Compare the properties of systems, state and equilibrium. 4. Define process and cycle. 5. State and explain Zeroths law of thermodynamics.
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The Principles of A system

A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the boundary.
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The Principles of A system

Surroundings

System

Boundary
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The Principles of A system

Some more notes: The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable. The boundary is the contact surface shared by both the system and the surroundings. Systems may be considered to be closed or open depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study.

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A Closed System
Also known as a control mass or just system Consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary (no mass can enter or leave a closed system). Energy (heat or work) can cross the boundary. Volume of a closed system does not have to be fixed. If energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, that system is called an isolated system.
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An Open System
Is a control volume. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary. It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine or nozzle. Most control volumes have fixed boundaries and thus do not involve any moving boundaries.
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Interactions of Thermodynamic Systems

Type of system Mass flow Work Heat

Open
Closed Isolated

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Open and Closed System

A Closed System mass no An Open System

Closed system yes m = constant energy

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Energy Conversion

Transforming energy is when the energy changes into another form. Energy in a system may be transformed so that it resides in a different state. Examples of sets of energy conversions in machines Chemical energy in the coal converted to thermal energy Thermal energy converted to kinetic energy in steam Kinetic energy converted to mechanical energy in the turbine Mechanical energy of the turbine converted to electrical energy, which is the ultimate output
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Energy Conversion

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Properties Of A System

Any characteristic of a system is called a property. For example: pressure P, temperature T, volume V and mass m and so on. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system such as temperature, pressure and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size --- or extent --- of the system. Example: total mass, total volume and total momentum
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Criterion to Differentiate Intensive and Extensive Properties

m V T P

m V

m V

Extensive properties

T P

T P
Intensive properties

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State and Equilibrium

A thermodynamic state is a set of values of properties of a thermodynamic system that must be specified to reproduce the system. The individual parameters are known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables. At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of even one property changes, the state will change to a different one.
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State and Equilibrium

A system at two different states.

m = 2 kg T1 = 20oC V1 = 1.5 m3 State 1

m = 2 kg T2 = 20oC V2 = 2.5 m3

State 2

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State and Equilibrium

Equilibrium state implies a state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings. For example: a system is in thermal equilibrium if the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
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State and Equilibrium

A closed system reaching thermal equilibrium.
20oC 23oC 32oC 32oC 32oC 40oC 42oC Before 32oC 32oC 32oC After

30oC 35oC

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Process and Cycle

Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process. The series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states of process as well as the path if follows and the interactions with the surroundings. A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of process.
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Process and Cycle

i = Initial state f = Final state Arrow: show the process flow Process path

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Process and Cycle

CYCLE
1 = initial state 2 = final state

Process from 1 to 2 and return to 1

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Process and Cycle

Quasi-equilibrium: a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains close to an equilibrium state at all times. Can be viewed as a sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust itself internally so that properties in one part of the system do not change any faster than those at other parts. Nonquasi-equilibrium: a very fast process, the molecules in the system will have insufficient time to redistribute, thus creating imbalance or no uniform condition in the system.
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The Zeroths Law of Thermodynamics

The zeroth law of thermodynamics is a generalization principle of thermal equilibrium among bodies, or thermodynamics systems, in contact . The zeroth law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. The temperatures are equal for all systems in thermal equilibrium. The law permits the construction of a thermometer to measure this property.
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The Zeroths Law of Thermodynamics

Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium after being brought into contact in an isolated enclosure.
Iron 150oC Iron 60oC

Copper 20oC

Copper 60oC

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END OF CHAPTER 1

NEXT CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 : PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

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