Anatomy Muscles

(Chapter 9; pp.
276-311)
2.3.1 Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers and explain the cellular mechanisms of excitation-contraction 2.3.2 Describe the neuromuscular junction 2.3.3 Describe the contractile properties of skeletal muscle (motor unit, isotonic & isometric contractions, spatial & temporal summation, etc) 2.3.4 Associate various muscle types with their metabolism and their speed of contraction and rate of fatigue 2.3.5 Compare the properties of smooth muscle with those of skeletal muscle
Muscle Similarities
Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (not cardiac muscles) and are called muscle fibers Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments actin and myosin Muscle terminology is similar

Sarcolemma muscle plasma membrane Sarcoplasm cytoplasm of a muscle cell Prefixes myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pacemaker
Can contract rapidly; Tires easily & must rest; Strong but Adaptable
Neural input can Increase rate
Slow, sustained contraction
2.3.1.2 list & briefly describe 4 muscle functions as well as 4 functional characteristics of muscle Muscle Functions 1. Generate movement: locomotion, manipulation, blood flow & pressure, respiration, propelling of food, urine, etc..
2. Maintain posture: constantly working against gravity

3. Joint stabilization: eg: shoulders, knees when moving parts of skeleton 4. Generation of heat: maintenance of body temperature esp: skeletal muscle (at least 40% of body mass) Functional Characteristics of Muscle 1. Excitability (Irritability): ability to receive and respond to a stimulus stimulus usually a chemical (NT, hormone, pH) response = AP along sarcolemma + muscle contraction 2. Contractility: ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated 3. Extensibility: ability to be stretched or extended 4. Elasticity: ability to resume resting length after being stretched
Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle is a discrete organ composed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue
Skeletal Muscle: Nerve and Blood Supply
Each muscle is served by one nerve, an artery, and one or more veins Each skeletal muscle fiber is supplied with a nerve ending that controls contraction Contracting fibers require continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients via arteries
Wastes must be removed via veins
Structure and Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Table 9.1a
Skeletal Muscle: 3 connective tissue sheaths
Endomysium fine sheath of connective tissue composed of reticular fibers surrounding each muscle fiber Perimysium fibrous connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles Epimysium an overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
Structure and Organization of Skeletal Muscle
2 m long
Table 9.1b
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Each fiber is a long, cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei just beneath the sarcolemma Fibers are 10 to 100 m in diameter, and up to 30 cm long Each cell is a syncytium produced by fusion of embryonic cells
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcoplasm has numerous glycosomes and a unique oxygen-binding protein called myoglobin Fibers contain the usual organelles, and myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules
Myofibrils
Myofibrils are densely packed, rodlike contractile elements They make up most of the muscle cell volume (80%) The arrangement of myofibrils within a fiber is such that a perfectly aligned repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands is evident (striated appearance)
Sarcomeres
Thick filaments extend the entire length of an A band

Thin filaments extend across the I band and partway into the A band
Z-disc coin-shaped sheet of proteins (alpha-actinin; desmin IF) that (i) anchors the thin filaments and (ii) connects myofibrils to one another Thin filaments do not overlap with thick filaments in the lighter H zone (and no myosin head) M lines appear darker due to the presence of the protein myomesin (holding thick filaments together)
Sarcomeres
Longitudinal section of filaments within one sarcomere of a myofibril
Thick filament Thin filament In the center of the sarcomere, the thick filaments lack myosin heads. Myosin heads are present only in areas of myosin-actin overlap. Thick filament Thin filament Each thick filament consists of many A thin filament consists of two strands myosin molecules whose heads protrude of actin subunits twisted into a helix at opposite ends of the filament. plus two types of regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin). Portion of a thick filament Portion of a thin filament Myosin head Tropomyosin Troponin Actin
Actin-binding sites
ATPbinding site Heads Tail Actin subunits Actin subunits
Figure 9.3
Flexible hinge region Myosin molecule
Active sites for myosin attachment
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Ultrastructure of Myofilaments: Thick Filaments
Thick filaments are composed of the protein myosin Each myosin molecule has a rod-like tail and two globular heads
Tails two interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains Heads two smaller, light polypeptide chains called cross bridges Heads bear actin-binding site and ATPase activity
Figure 9.4a,b
Ultrastructure of Myofilaments: Thin Filaments
Figure 9.4c
Thin filaments are chiefly composed of the protein actin (microfilaments) Each actin molecule is a helical polymer of globular subunits called G actin (F actin is the fibrous or filamentous form) The subunits contain the active sites to which myosin heads attach during contraction
Tropomyosin and troponin (TnI, TnT and TnC) are regulatory subunits bound to actin
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

muscle fiber shortens because sarcomeres shorten; filaments remain same length thin filaments slide over thick filaments 1 - Relaxed: only slight overlap of thick & thin filaments
2 - Contracted: thin filaments penetrate more deeply into A band - Z discs pulled toward thick filaments
Overall: distance between Z discs reduced I bands shorten H zones disappear A bands move closer together, but stay same length
A. Endomysium; E. Myofilament; I. Sarcomere;
B. Epimysium; F. Myofibril; J. Sarcoplasm;
C. Fascicle;
D. Fiber; H. Sarcolemma;
G. Perimysium; K. Tendon
1. 2. 3. 4.
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. Contractile unit of muscle. A muscle cell. Thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell.
5.
6. 7.
Plasma membrane of the muscle cell.

Cordlike extension of CT beyond muscle - attaches it to bone. A discrete bundle of muscle cells.
J. Carnegie, UofO
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Figure 9.5
SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum that mostly runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril
Paired terminal cisternae form perpendicular cross channels

Functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels
T Tubules
Figure 9.5
T tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma They conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the muscle (at each A bandI band junction) These impulses signal for the release of Ca2+ from adjacent terminal cisternae
Triad Relationships
T tubules and SR provide tightly linked signals for muscle contraction A double zipper of integral membrane proteins protrudes into the intermembrane space T tubule proteins act as voltage sensors
SR foot proteins are receptors that regulate Ca2+ release from the SR cisternae Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal muscles are stimulated by somatic motor neurons Axons of motor neurons travel from the central nervous system via nerves to skeletal muscles
Each axon forms several branches as it enters a muscle

Each axon ending forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber
Action potential (AP) Nucleus
Myelinated axon of motor neuron Axon terminal of neuromuscular junction Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
1 Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron.

channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal.
2 Voltage-gated
Ca2+
Ca2+
Axon terminal of motor neuron Fusing synaptic vesicles
Ca2+
Synaptic vesicle containing ACh Mitochondrion Synaptic cleft
3 Ca2+ entry causes some

synaptic vesicles to release their contents (acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
ACh
4 Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the sarcolemma. 5 ACh binding opens ion
channels that allow simultaneous passage of Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber.
Na+ K+
Junctional folds of sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber

Postsynaptic membrane ion channel opens; ions pass.
6 ACh effects are terminated

by its enzymatic breakdown in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase.
Ach
Degraded ACh Na+
Postsynaptic membrane ion channel closed; ions cannot pass.
Acetylcholinesterase
K+
PLAY
A&P Flix: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction

Figure 9.8
Axon terminal Open Na+ Channel Na+ Closed K+ Channel
Synaptic cleft
ACh ACh Na+ K+ Na+ K+

++ ++ + +
K+
Action potential
the action potential (AP)
2 Generation and propagation of

Closed Na+ Open K+ Channel Channel Na+
+ + +++ +
generation of the end plate potential on the sarcolemma Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber
1 Local depolarization:
K+ 3 Repolarization
Figure 9.9
Events of Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Axon terminal of motor neuron Action potential Synaptic cleft is generated ACh Sarcolemma Terminal cisterna of SR
Muscle fiber Ca2+ Triad
One sarcomere
Figure 9.11, step 1

Steps in E-C Coupling:
Sarcolemma Voltage-sensitive tubule protein T tubule 1 - Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules.
Ca2+ release channel 2 - Calcium ions are released. Terminal cisterna of SR
Ca2+
Actin Troponin Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin 3 - Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin.
Ca2+
Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding
4 - Contraction begins Myosin cross bridge
The aftermath
Figure 9.11, step 2

propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. Sarcolemma T tubule
1 Action potential is
Steps in E-C Coupling:
Voltage-sensitive tubule protein
Ca2+ release channel Terminal cisterna of SR
Ca2+
Figure 9.11, step 3

Actin
Ca2+
Troponin
Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin
The aftermath
Figure 9.11, step 5

Actin Ca2+ Troponin Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding
3 Calcium binds to
The aftermath
Figure 9.11, step 6
Figure 9.11

Actin
Ca2+ Troponin Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin
troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin.

Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding
3 Calcium binds to
4 Contraction begins
Myosin cross bridge The aftermath
Figure 9.11, step 7
Each power stroke = 1% shortening Routine contraction = 30-35% shortening

(High Energy) Pulls on actin filament
(Bent Low Energy)
Many such Cross Bridge Cycles are required!

Figure 9.12
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Contraction refers to the activation of myosins cross bridges (force-generating sites) Shortening occurs when the tension generated by the cross bridge exceeds forces opposing shortening (load)
When nervous stimulation ceases, Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR and contraction ends
Contraction ends when cross bridges become inactive, the tension generated declines, and relaxation is induced (Ca2+ removal => blockage restored)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeTen4GVb-Q
PUT IN THE CORRECT ORDER:
1. Myosin heads bind to active sites on actin molecules
2. ATP is hydrolyzed 3. Myosin heads return to high-energy shape, ready for the next power stroke
4. Calcium binds to troponin

5. Cycling continues until calcium ions are sequestered by the SR 6. Myosin cross brides detach from actin
7. Troponin changes shape

8. ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) are released from the thick filament 9. Myosin heads pull on the thin filaments (power stroke) and slide them toward the centre of the sarcomere 10. ATP binds to the thick filament 11. Tropomyosin is moved exposing active sites on F-actin
J. Carnegie, UofO
IV.
CONTRACTION OF A WHOLE SKELETAL MUSCLE
2.3.3.1 define motor unit; describe the influences of wave summation and motor unit summation on the contractile response of skeletal muscle; define tetanus in terms of muscular contraction
The Motor Unit
motor nerve (at least 1/muscle)

hundreds of motor neuron axons each axon to many axonal terminals each axonal terminal to NMJ of a single muscle fiber (cell) avg. no muscle fibers/neuron = 150 (range = 4 to hundreds) when neuron fires, all fibers contract
MOTOR UNIT = 1 motor neuron + all muscle fibers it supplies
Fig. 9.12
Innervated fibers not clustered 1 motor unit = weak contraction of the entire muscle!
Depends on specific muscle function
Phases of a Muscle Twitch
A muscle twitch is the response of a muscle to a single, brief threshold stimulus Latent period first few msec after stimulus; EC coupling taking place
Period of contraction cross bridges form; muscle shortens Period of relaxation Ca2+ reabsorbed; muscle tension goes to zero
The force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object is called muscle tension The opposing force exerted on the muscle is called the load
Myogram
Figure 9.14a
Muscle Twitch Comparisons
Figure 9.14b
Graded Muscle Responses
Graded muscle responses are:

Variations in the degree of muscle contraction Required for proper control of skeletal movement
Responses are graded by:

Changing the frequency of stimulation Changing the strength of the stimulus
Speed of stimulation: wave summation & tetanus: rapid rate of stimuli: each contraction builds on the previous one ([Ca2+]; Heat) but AP refractory period is always honored (repolarization) tetanus: fused contractions - inter-stimulus interval too short to allow inter-twitch muscle relaxation - eventually followed by muscle fatigue
Affects force, but primary goal is to generate smooth, continuous contractions
Treppe Staircase Effect
(Rare)
Fig. 9.15
Muscle Response: Stimulation Strength

In the lab
Threshold stimulus the stimulus strength at which the first observable muscle contraction occurs Beyond threshold, muscle contracts more vigorously as stimulus strength is increased Force of contraction is precisely controlled by multiple motor unit summation This phenomenon, called recruitment, brings more and more muscle fibers into play
Not random
In the body
Size Principle
Motor units with the smallest fibers are controlled by highly excitable motor neurons activated first
As contractile strength increases larger and larger muscle fibers are recruited
controlled by motor neurons that are least excitable (highest threshold)
Also explains wide range of possible force

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing Benjamin Cummings Usually asynchronous in theasbody delays fatigue!
Figure 9.17
Muscle tone:
It is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movements Keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus Activating one motor unit and then another Responding to activation of stretch receptors in muscles and tendons (Chapter 13)
Spinal reflexes account for muscle tone by:

1. After ACh attaches to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction, the next step is: a) K+-gated channels open b) Ca++ binds to troponin c) the T tubules depolarize d) cross bridges attach e) ATP is hydrolyzed 2. Which of these bands or lines does NOT narrow when skeletal muscle contracts? a) H zone b) A band c) I band d) M line e) b and d 3. is a continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation. a) tetanus b) all or none c) isometric J. Carnegie, UofO d) treppe
2.3.3.2 differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions, giving an example of each (1) isotonic: muscle changes in length & moves load - what are concentric vs eccentric isotonic contractions? NB: eccentric contractions are 50% more forceful, use less ATP/O2 & fewer muscle fibers but more prone to delayed-onset soreness than concentric contractions
2.3.3.2 differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions, giving an example of each (2) isometric: tension increases but muscle remains same length most body movements are a mix of isotonic and isometric contractions realize that in isotonic contractions, the thin filaments are sliding, but in isometric contractions the cross bridges are generating force, but do not move thin filaments
2.3.3.3 Define the optimal length-tension relationship for muscle in terms of muscle anatomy
Factors influencing the Force of Muscle Contraction Degree of muscle stretch length/tension relationship
Fig. 9.21
Fig. 9.22
2.3.3.4 Indicate the influence of load on the velocity and duration of skeletal muscle contraction
Velocity & Duration of Contraction depends on: Load: greater load = longer latent period = slower contraction = shorter contraction duration Fig. 9.23
Also depends on Fiber type and Recruitment
The more the merrier!

J. Carnegie, UofO
(a)
Direct phosphorylation
Coupled reaction of creatine phosphate (CP) and ADP Energy source: CP
ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity

As soon as available stores of ATP are hydrolyzed (4-6 seconds), they are regenerated by:
CP
ADP Creatine kinase
Creatine
ATP
Creatine Kinase
Oxygen use: None Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine Duration of energy provision: 15 seconds
Figure 9.19a
Anaerobic glycolysis (Fast Glycolytic Fibers): only 2 ATP/glucose but O2 not used and is 2.5x faster than aerobic pathway Together, ATP, CP and Anaerobic glycolysis can support strenuous muscle activity for ~ 1 min. usually pyruvic acid enters aerobic pathway
When muscle contractile activity reaches 70% of maximum:
Bulging muscles compress blood vessels
Oxygen delivery is impaired

Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
The lactic acid:

Diffuses into the bloodstream Is picked up and used as fuel by the liver, kidneys, and heart
Is converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver
Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction

(Slow Oxydative Fibers)
Figure 9.19
Energy systems used during sports activities: weight lifting, diving, sprinting: ATP & CP - very short surge of power tennis, soccer, 100 m swim: almost entirely anaerobic - on-and-off; burstlike marathon runs, jogging: mainly aerobic; but anaerobic may function until aerobic reaches full efficiency Mainly endurance rather than power aerobic endurance: length of time a muscle can use aerobic anaerobic threshold: point at which muscle converts to anaerobic
Muscle Fatigue theres an end to every good thing
Muscle fatigue the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract Muscle fatigue occurs when:
ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use
There is a relative deficit of ATP, causing contractures (cramps! = myosin head can not be released)
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle
Ionic imbalances are present (e.g. dehydration; sweat)
Na+-K+ pumps cannot restore ionic balances quickly enough (intense exercise)
Oxygen Debt
Vigorous exercise causes dramatic changes in muscle chemistry For a muscle to return to a resting state:
Oxygen reserves must be replenished
Lactic acid must be converted to pyruvic acid (liver)

Glycogen stores must be replaced ATP and CP reserves must be resynthesized
Oxygen debt the extra amount of O2 needed for the above restorative processes
Heat Production During Muscle Activity
Only 40% of the energy released in muscle activity is useful as work The remaining 60% is given off as heat Dangerous heat levels are prevented by radiation of heat from the skin and sweating What is shivering then?
FO SO
FG
Figure 9.24
(O2)
a motor unit consists of just one muscle fiber type but one muscle usually contain a mix of fiber types
Table 9.2
Effects of Exercise
Aerobic exercise (endurance) results in an increase of:
Muscle capillaries
Number of mitochondria Myoglobin synthesis
Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) results in:
Muscle hypertrophy
Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, and glycogen stores
Check the appropriate boxes to characterize each type of skeletal muscle fiber:
Characteristics Slow Oxidative Fast Glycolytic Fast Oxidative
Rapid twitch rate

Fast myosin ATPases Use mostly aerobic metabolism
Large myoglobin stores

Large glycogen stores Fatigue slowly Fibers are white Fibers are small Fibers contain many capillaries & mitochondria
J. Carnegie, UofO
Table 9.3
Table 9.3
Smooth Muscle
Composed of spindle-shaped fibers with a diameter of 5-10 m and lengths of several hundred m Sk. M. are ~10x wider; 1000x longer Lack the coarse connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, but have fine endomysium Organized into two layers (longitudinal and circular) of closely apposed fibers Parallel to organ Organ Dilates & Contracts
Organ Elongates
Peristalsis

Found in walls of hollow organs (except the heart)
Have essentially the same contractile mechanisms as skeletal muscle
Innervation of Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle lack neuromuscular junctions
Innervating nerves have bulbous swellings called varicosities

Varicosities release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions
Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
SR is less developed than in skeletal muscle and lacks a specific pattern
T tubules are absent

Plasma membranes have pouchlike infoldings called caveolae
1 nucleus per cell!
Ca2+ is sequestered in the extracellular space near the caveolae, allowing rapid influx when channels are opened
SR still releases some Ca2+ and contributes to its removal
Table 9.3
Proportion and Organization of Myofilaments in Smooth Muscle
Ratio of thick to thin filaments is much lower (1:13) than in skeletal muscle (1:2) Thick filaments have heads along their entire length (more strength) There is no troponin complex
Thick and thin filaments are arranged diagonally (no sarcomere; no striations), causing smooth muscle to contract in a corkscrew manner
Noncontractile intermediate filament bundles attach to dense bodies (analogous to Z discs) atasregular intervals (linked to thin filaments) Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing Benjamin Cummings
Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Whole sheets of smooth muscle exhibit slow, synchronized contraction They contract in unison, reflecting their electrical coupling with gap junctions Action potentials are transmitted from cell to cell
Some smooth muscle cells (stomach and small intestine):
Act as pacemakers and set the contractile pace for whole sheets of muscle Are self-excitatory and depolarize without external stimuli
Stimuli can vary Different autonomic nerves release diff. NT NT may excite or inhibit a particular group of smooth muscle cells
Relaxation requires:
Ca2+ detachment from calmodulin
e.g. ACh (+) vs NE (-) in the bronchioles

vs NE (+) in most blood vessels
Active transport of Ca2+ into SR and ECF

Dephosphorylation of myosin to reduce myosin ATPase activity
Non-neuronal signals: hormones (gastrin), histamine, hypoxia, excess CO2, low pH
Figure 9.29
Table 9.3
Special Features of Smooth Muscle Contraction
Unique characteristics of smooth muscle include:
Smooth muscle tone (24h maintenance in blood vessel; visceral organs)

Slow, prolonged contractile activity 30x longer than Sk. M. Low energy requirements 1% the energy cost Few mitos; most ATP generated aerobically Sluggish ATPases (Myosin heads)
Special Features of Smooth Muscle Contraction
Response to Stretch: Sk. M. can still contract when stretch up to 60%; Smooth muscle can still generate tension if stretch up to 150%!
Smooth muscle exhibits a phenomenon called stress-relaxation response in which:
Smooth muscle responds to stretch only briefly, and then adapts to its new length The new length, however, retains its ability to contract This enables organs such as the stomach to temporarily store contents
Hyperplasia
Certain smooth muscles can divide and increase their numbers by undergoing hyperplasia (vs Hypertrophy)
This is shown by estrogens effect on the uterus
At puberty, estrogen stimulates the synthesis of more smooth muscle, causing the uterus to grow to adult size During pregnancy, estrogen stimulates uterine growth to accommodate the increasing size of the growing fetus
Secretory functions: collagen, elastin - make their own CT
Types of Smooth Muscle: Single Unit
The cells of single-unit smooth muscle, commonly called visceral muscle:

Contract rhythmically as a unit Are electrically coupled to one another via gap junctions no recruitment Often exhibit spontaneous action potentials (presence of some Pacemaker cells)
Few nerve terminals usually where pacermaker cells are

Are arranged in opposing sheets and exhibit stressrelaxation response and pretty much what we saw so far!
Types of Smooth Muscle: Multiunit
Multiunit smooth muscles are found:

In large airways to the lungs, large arteries

In arrector pili muscles, attached to hair follicles In the internal eye muscles (focus)
Their characteristics include:

Rare gap junctions Infrequent spontaneous depolarizations Structurally independent muscle fibers A rich nerve supply (still Autonomic/Involuntary), which, with a number of muscle fibers, forms motor units Graded contractions in response to neural stimuli recruitment Can also reponsd to Hormonal control
1.
The first energy source used to regenerate ATP when muscles are extremely active is: a) fatty acids b) glucose c) creatine phosphate d) pyruvic acid When paying back the oxygen debt: a) lactic acid is formed b) lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid c) ATP formation requires creatine phosphate d) muscle cells utilize glycogen reserves Holding up the corner of a heavy couch to vacuum under it involves which type(s) of contraction? a) tetanic b) isotonic c) isometric d) tone e) a and c
J. Carnegie, UofO
2.
3.

Anatomy Muscles

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(Chapter 9; pp.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neural input can Increase rate

Slow, sustained contraction

2. Maintain posture: constantly working against gravity

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skeletal Muscle: Nerve and Blood Supply

Wastes must be removed via veins

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure and Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skeletal Muscle: 3 connective tissue sheaths

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure and Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thick filaments extend the entire length of an A band

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Longitudinal section of filaments within one sarcomere of a myofibril

Flexible hinge region Myosin molecule

Active sites for myosin attachment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ultrastructure of Myofilaments: Thick Filaments

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ultrastructure of Myofilaments: Thin Filaments

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

A. Endomysium; E. Myofilament; I. Sarcomere;

B. Epimysium; F. Myofibril; J. Sarcoplasm;

Plasma membrane of the muscle cell.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Paired terminal cisternae form perpendicular cross channels

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Each axon forms several branches as it enters a muscle

Action potential (AP) Nucleus

1 Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron.

Synaptic vesicle containing ACh Mitochondrion Synaptic cleft

3 Ca2+ entry causes some

Junctional folds of sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber

6 ACh effects are terminated

Degraded ACh Na+

Postsynaptic membrane ion channel closed; ions cannot pass.

A&P Flix: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axon terminal Open Na+ Channel Na+ Closed K+ Channel

ACh ACh Na+ K+ Na+ K+

the action potential (AP)

2 Generation and propagation of

Events of Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.11, step 1

Events of Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Ca2+ release channel 2 - Calcium ions are released. Terminal cisterna of SR

Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding

4 - Contraction begins Myosin cross bridge

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.11, step 2

Events of Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Steps in E-C Coupling: