Passive

Part II
Lecturer: Tamar Mikeladze Subject: Grammar Group: II b

Verbs with two objects

Some verbs can have two objects. We can
O1 O2

give, lend, offer, sell, send, take something to somebody buy, keep, make, prepare something for somebody Active - Peter gave Karen a present. Passive (1) - Karen was given a present by Peter. Passive (2) - A present was given to Karen by Peter.
O1 O2

Have + something + done

When a professional person does something for

us, we can have + something + done. Have can be used in any tense
1. We had our house painted last year(Past Simple) 2. Ill have my car serviced tomorrow(Future Simple) 3. Ive had my room decorated.( Present Perfect)

Passive + infinitive
The verbs believe, expect, know, report, think,

suppose, understand are often used in present simple passive + infinitive (to do/to be doing). It is common in news report.

e.g. The economy is expected to grow by 2% this year.

Modals: present and future

 Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs and are used with

other main verbs. can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, must Important rules: 1. Two modal verbs cant be put together 2. Modal verbs are followed by bare infinitive 3. Modal verbs dont have third person s or tenses with ed, -ing 4. Modal verbs use inversion in questions (change place with subject to form a question)

e.g. I can swim. Can I swim? I can not swim.

Modal verbs show the speakers attitude or

feelings about situation possibility, ability, probability, necessity, offer, request.

The same modal verbs can be used with different

meanings it is only possibly to guess from the situation

Certainty and Uncertainty

100%

95%-100%
80% 30% -70% 0%

certainty deduction expectation uncertainty certainty

will must, cant should may, might, could wont

Examples
1. I will call you. 2.He must be stuck in the traffic. She cant be in Italy 3. They should arrive here at about 6.30. 4. I may not have time to finish today. President Romney might win the elections. He could be late. 5. She wont come.

Can - be able to
We sometimes use be able to instead of can.

can = be able to He can recharge this battery. He is able to recharge this battery.
Could (in the past) He could rescue her. He was able to rescue her.

Must have to
We use must and have to explain if something is

necessary. I must finish my report. I have to finish my report.

Difference: Have to official rules Must speaker feels that something is important. Mustnt is prohibited/forbidden Dont have to is not necessary (choice)

Should Ought to
Should opinion, advice

should=ought to (formal) Should not = ought not to (formal)

e.g. I think you ought to talk to your teacher. Had better strong opinion e.g. I think youd better study modal verbs well.

Modals: past
The form of modals in the past is:

Modal + have + past participle (V3)

e.g. You must have left passport at home. Lina cant have written this. I think you should have worked harder. Maria might have taken the bus.

Any questions?

Thank you