Fertilisasi, Implantasi dan Embryogenesis

E. Suryadi, Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology Department

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Introduction
Embryology is the study of the development of Embryo or a part of Developmental Anatomy Developmental anatomy is continuous process That begins when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm until ends at death A process of change and growth which transform the zygote as a single cell into a multi cellular, multi tissues, multi organs in adult human body Development usually divide into prenatal and post natal Natal !birth" is a dramatic event during development

OOCYT & ZYGOTE

Cleavage

Early division of zygote into multiple cells without increase in size, partitions contents Morula
solid ball of cells

Zygote Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity 5

UMUR 3 SAMPAI 7 MINGGU

Term of Prenatal Period

#ygote$ the cell result from fertilization of an ovum by a sperm %leavage$ &itotic division of zygote
'ormation of daughter cells !blastomeres" become smaller and smaller (lastomere is totipotent cell or multi)potent cell

&orula$ when *+ blastomeres have formed (lastocyst !blastula" ! forming a cavity this converts from the morula into a blastocyst Embryo$ developmental stage from the bilaminar embryonic disc form until all ma,or structure are present -nd . /th wee0 gestation"
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 'etus$ 1renatal period after the embryonic period /th" to birth %oncepts$ The product of conception it includes all structure which develop from zygote to both embryonic and e2tra embryonic tissues

Stages of development
Early development is blastulation the first wee0" 'ormation of the bilaminar embryo and implantation the second wee0" 'ormation of the trilaminar embryo and morphogenetion the third wee0" is called gastrulation The embryonic period and organogenetion the fourth to the eight wee0" The fetal period the ninth wee0 to birth"

The First Week:

Fertilisasi. 1roses fertilisasi dibagi dalam 3 tahap yaitu$ a" penetrasi spermatozoa 0e dalam oosit, b" a0tivasi oosit setelah penetrasi spermatozoa, c" fusi dan singami antara pronu0leus ,antan dan betina.
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FERTILISASI
1enetrasi %onsist of the fusion of sperm and a ovum This process occur as follows
*. -. 3. 4. The Sperm passes through cumulus oovorus The sperm passes through the corona radiata The sperm penetrates the zona pellucida The sperm head attaches to the surface of the ovum
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4. The ovum reacts to sperm contact two ways a. %hanges occur in the zona pelluzida and ovum5s cell membrane which prevent polysperm b. The oocyt continue second meiotic division process and e2pels the second polar body and the female pronucleus formation 4. Sperm loses its tail and its head enlarge to form the male pronuclei 6. The male and female pronuclei approach each other in the center of the ovum is called singami
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Result of Fertilization
*. 7estoration of diploid chromosome number -. Species variation 3. Se2 determination 4. 8nitiation of cleavage

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Cleava e
As the zigote passes down the uterine tube undergoes cleavage into a number of small blastomeres About three days after fertilization a ball form contain *+ blastomeres called the morula, enters the uterus (lastomere is totipotent cells

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The fi !" #ee$

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!lastula
A cavity soon forms in morules, called blastocyst consisting of an inner cell mass or embryoblast", which gives rises to the embryo A blastocyst cavity, which become primitive yol0 sac An outer layer at cell or trophoblast", which enclose the inner cell mass and blastocyst cavity

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 9n fourth and fifth day the zona pellucida degradations and disappears and on si2th day the blastula adheres to the endometrial epithelium The trophoblastic cells invade the epithelium and stromes endometrium The trophoblast gradually differs into two layer
*" An inner cytotrophoblast -" An outer syncytrotrophablast

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 9n seventh day the embryonic endoderm begins to form on the ventral surface at the inner cell mass. This is the first primary germ layer The blastocyst beginning implanted in the endometrial living of the uterus

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The second week: implantation and chorion formation

Implantation:
begins at the end at the first wee0 and ends during the second wee0 8mplantation process as follow *. #ona pellucida disappears 4)6" -. (lastocyst attaches to endometrial epithelium +" 3. Trophoblast erodes epithelium and endometrial stroma :" 4. Trophoblast will be differed into cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic 21

6. ;acunae appear in syncytrotrophoblast / to <" +. (lastocyst sin0s beneath surface of endometrial epithelium <)*=" :. ;acunar networ0s form *= . **" /. Trophoblast invades endometrium sinusoid, and establish a uteroplacental circulation ** to *-" <. Endometrial epithelium completely re)forms over the implanted blastocyst *- to *3" *=. &ar0ed decidual reaction occurs in the endometrium *3)*4"
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Implantation - embedding of

blastocyst into uterine lining begins at day :

Blastocyst - with blastocoele cavity Trophoblast - outer layer of cells Inner cell mass - will form embryo

Trophoblast forms syncytial trophoblast- erodes into endometrium Cellular trophoblast - carries nutrients to inner cell mass

Lacunae and primary villi formed by trophoblast All of these form placental tissues
Fig 28-3
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Chorion Formation
(etween s>uamous epithelium in blastocyst cavity and cytotrophoblast arise mesenchym cell called e2traembryonic mesoderm 8n the e2traembryonic mesoderm form spaces called e2traembryonic coelom

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 This coelom splits the e2tra embryonic mesoderm into two layers
E2traembryonic somatic mesoderm E2traembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

The cavity of the chorion sac is formed by the e2traembryonic coelom The trophoblast and the e2tra embryonic somatic mesoderm together form chorione

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Se%&'( )ee$

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The third "eek

&a,or changes occur as the bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar embryo composed of three primary germ layer gastrulation" 8n the third wee0 usually the first sign that a woman may be pregnant ;aboratory pregnant test depend on the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin ?%@", a hormone produced by trophoblast and e2creted in the mother5s urine
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Gastrulation

Early organogenesis Primitive streak formation Notochord Formation Neural Tube Formation Somite Formation Coelom Formation Blood and Blood Vessel Formation Villi Formation
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 gastrulation$The primitive strea0 stria primitiva" and intraembryonic mesoderm

The primitive strea0 appears at about *6 days as a midline thic0ening of the embryonic ectoderm At the primitive strea0 give rise to mesenchymal cells which migrate laterally and cranially between the ectoderm and endoderm layers and organize into the third primary germ layer called intra embryonic mesoderm
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 &esoderm e2ists between the ectoderm and the endoderm everywhere e2cept at the oropharyngeal membrane and at the cloacal membrane At the primitive 0not give rise to the notochordal process to form the notochord The primitive pit e2tents into the notochordal process to form the notochordal canal

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#otochord Formation
9pening develops in the floor at the notochord canal which soon coalesce, leaving the notochord plate. The notochord plate in folds to form the notochord

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#eural Tu$e Formation

The neural plate appears as a midline thic0ening at the embryonic ectoderm, cranial to the primitive 0not and dorsal to the notochord process A longitudinal neural grove develops which is flan0ed by neural folds, these folds meet and fusion to form the neural tube

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Somite Formation
The mesoderm on each side at the notochord thic0ens to form longitudinal bundle colum" of para2ial mesoderm Division of para2ial mesoderm into pairs at somites begin cranially by the end at the third wee0

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Coelom Formation
The entry embryonic coelom arises as isolated spaces in the lateral plate mesoderm and cardiogenic area The coelomic space subse>uently coalesce to form a single horseshoe)shaped cavity, which eventually give rise to the body cavities

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 Angiogenesis ! blood vessel formation ?aemopoesis ! blood cell formation

*. &esenchymal cells aggregate to form isolated masses and cords 0nown as blood islands called angioblast -. Spaces appear within these islands 3. Angioblast arrange themselves around the cavity to form the primitive endothelium formation

!lood And !lood %essel

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4. 8solated vessels fuse to form networ0s at endothelial channel 6. Aessels e2tend into ad,acent areas by endothelial budding +. &esenchymal cells surrounding the primitive endothelial vessel differentiate into muscular and connective tissue :. The primitive heart is formed in the cardiogenic area

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/. 1rimitive plasma and blood cell develop from the endothelial cell as the vessels develop on the yol0 sac and allantois. 8n embryo first blood formation occurs in the liver, late in the spleen, bones marrow and lymph nodes <. The cardiovascular system is the first organ system to a functional state the end of the third wee0"

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%illi Formation
The primary villi form on the outer surface at the chorionic sac from cytotrophoblast cell proliferate (y day *6 the primary villi have begun to branch and develop central cone at mesenchyme$ its are called secondary villi %apillaries develop in the villi transforming them into tertiary villi
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Intervillous S&ace
;acunas enlarge and lying between tertiery villis, called intervillous space spatium intervillosum"

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The Fourth To Seventh Weeks

The beginning of all ma,or e2ternal and internal structures during this period This critical period at development, if teratogen e2posure this period will cause ma,or congenital malformation The three primary germ layers will be differentiated into various tissues and organs The end at this period the main organ system have been established
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Foldin At The Em$r'o

;ongitudinal and transverse folding converts the flat trilaminar embryo disc into a % shaped cylindrical embryo The formation at head, tail and lateral folds is a continue se>uence of events and result in a constriction between the embryo and the yol0 sac The dorsal part at yol0 sac is incorporated into the embryo as the primitive gut

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 The head fold result in the heart coming to lie ventrally and brain becoming the most cranial part at the embryo The tail fold causes the connecting stal0 and allantois to move to the ventral surface of the embryo The e2ternal appearance of the embryo is greatly affected by the formation at the brain, heart, liver, somites, limbs, ears, nose and eyes

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;iterature
&oore B.;.,1ersaud T.A.N. The Developing ?uman edisi 0e):. Saunder. CSA -==3. *+)4 %arlson (.&.1atten5s 'oundations of Embryology edisi 0e)+.&c@raw)?ill.New Dor0.*<<+.*-*)*43

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