Chapter 22: The Respiratory System

Alexander Graham Bell invented the respiratory jacket in 1882. This device was the precursor to the IRON LUNG developed by Philip Drinker in the 1920s.

Figure 22.1: The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures, p. 832.

Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Larynx Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung

Pharynx Trachea

Diaphragm

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.2: The external nose, p. 833.

(a)

Epicranius, Frontal bone frontal belly Nasal bone Septal Root and cartilage bridge Maxillary of nose bone Dorsum nasi (frontal process) Ala of nose Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Dense fibrous Apex of nose connective tissue Philtrum Major alar Naris (nostril) cartilages (b)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.3a: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.

Olfactory nerves Olfactory epithelium Superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus Middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus Inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus Hard palate Soft palate Uvula

Mucosa of pharynx Tubal tonsil Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Nasopharynx

(a)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.3b: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.

Sphenoidal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Nasopharynx Posterior nasal aperture Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vestibular fold Vocal fold Esophagus

Frontal sinus Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Laryngeal cartilages

Thyroid gland
Trachea (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.4a-b: The larynx, p. 836.

Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adams apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament

Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages
(a) (b)

Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Fatty pad Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.5: Movements of the vocal cords, p. 837.

Base of tongue Epiglottis False vocal cord True vocal cord Glottis Inner lining of trachea Corniculate cartilage (b)

(a)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.6: Tissue composition of the tracheal wall, p. 839.

Posterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Seromucous glands in submucosa Hyaline cartilage

Mucous membrane Submucosa Adventitia (a)

Anterior

(b)

(c)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.7: Conducting zone passages, p. 840.

Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung

Right main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Segmental (tertiary) bronchus

Inferior lobe of left lung

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.8: Respiratory zone structures, p. 841.

Alveolar duct

Alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole (a) Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

Alveolar pores

Alveoli (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Alveolar sac
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.9a-b: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.

Capillaries Smooth muscle Alveolus Elastic fibers

(a)

(b)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.9c-d: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.

Type II (surfactantsecreting) cell

Type I cell of alveolar wall Epithelial cell nucleus Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary O2

Red blood cell Capillary

CO2

Alveolus Macrophage Respiratory membrane Alveolus (d) Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell

Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium

Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) (c)

Red blood cell in capillary

Alveolar pores

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.10a: Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity, p. 844.

Apex of lung Trachea Thymus Lung Pleural cavity Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe

Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura

Right superior lobe

Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung (a)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.16a: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.

6000 5000 Milliliters (ml) 4000 3000 Tidal volume 500 ml 2000 1000 Expiratory reserve volume 1200 ml Residual volume 1200 ml

Inspiratory reserve volume 3100 ml

Inspiratory capacity 3600 ml

Vital capacity 4800 ml

Total lung capacity 6000 ml

Functional residual capacity 2400 ml

0 (a) Spirographic record for a male

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.16b: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.

Measurement Respiratory volumes Tidal volume (TV)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Residual volume (RV)

Adult male Adult female average average Description value value Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting 500 ml 500 ml conditions Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal 3100 ml 1900 ml volume inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal 1200 ml 700 ml volume exhalation 1200 ml 1100 ml Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Respiratory capacities

Total lung capacity (TLC) 6000 ml Vital capacity (VC) 4800 ml

4200 ml 3100 ml 2400 ml 1800 ml

Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3600 ml Functional residual capacity (FRC) 2400 ml

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (should be 80% TLC) Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV

(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.17: Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body, p. 856.

Inspired air: PO2 160 mm Hg PCO2 0.3 mm Hg

O2 CO2 External respiration Blood entering alveolar capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg O2 CO2 Pulmonary arteries

Alveoli of lungs: PO2 104 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2

Expired air: PO2 120 mm Hg PCO2 27 mm Hg O2 CO2 Blood leaving alveolar capillaries: PO2 104 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2 Pulmonary veins (PO2 100 mm Hg)

Systemic veins Blood leaving tissue capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg O2 CO2 Internal respiration

Heart

Systemic arteries Blood entering tissue capillaries: PO2 100 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2

Tissues: PO2 less than 40 mm Hg PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg O2 CO2

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 22.28: The pathogenesis of COPD, p. 871.

Tobacco smoke Air pollution

a-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Continual bronchial irritation and inflammation

Breakdown of elastin in connective tissue of lungs

Chronic bronchitis Bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, bronchospasm

Emphysema Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of lung elasticity, air trapping

Airway obstruction or air trapping Dyspnea Frequent infections

Abnormal ventilationperfusion ratio Hypoxemia Hypoventilation

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Additional Items to Review About the Lymphatic System

Figure 20.1: Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries, p. 774.

Venous system

Heart

Arterial system

Venule

Loose connective tissue around capillaries

Arteriole

Lymph duct Lymph trunk Lymph node Lymphatic system Lymphatic collecting vessels, with valves Lymphatic capillary
Tissue cell (a) Blood capillaries Filaments anchored to connective tissue Endothelial cell Flaplike minivalve Fibroblast in loose connective tissue (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Tissue fluid Blood Lymphatic capillaries capillary

Figure 20.2a: The lymphatic system, p. 776.

Regional lymph nodes: Cervical nodes

Entrance of right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein

Axillary nodes

Internal jugular vein Entrance of thoracic duct into left subclavian vein Thoracic duct Aorta Cisterna chyli Lymphatic collecting vessels

Inguinal nodes

(a)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

 Please remember that the overall design of the lymphatic system is a slightly modified replication of the arterial and venous systems. Namely, the lymphatic vessels include the larger lymphatic vessels the lymphatuoles and the lymphatic capillaries. From the lymphatic system, the fluids that are collected will be transported back into circulation via the veins in the blood vascular system. One specific entry point is the subclavian vein.

Peyers patches are significantly involved with aspects of immune response associated with the digestive system and last during our entire lifetime.
The way in which the lymphatic capillaries draws fluid into them is via the movment of the slitlike flaps through their attachment with filaments to the sidewalls of other tissues.

Lymphatic vessels have valves like seen in veins.

The cisterna chyli is a dialated part of the thorascic duct in the lymphatic system.

Figure 20.4: Lymph node, p. 778.

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Cortex: Lymphoid follicle Germinal center Subcapsular sinus Efferent lymphatic vessels Follicles Trabecula Subcapsular sinus

(a)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Capsule

Hilum Medulla: Capsule Medullary cord Medullary sinus Medullary cords Medullary Trabeculae sinuses (b)
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Figure 20.5: Lymphoid organs, p. 779.

Tonsils (in pharyngeal region) Thymus (in thorax; most active during youth)

Spleen (curves around left side of stomach) Peyers patches (in intestine) Appendix
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.