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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life

2.1 What is a Cell? What is a cell? Parts of microscope Functions of part on a microscope General structure of animal cells and plant cells The functions of cell structures 2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms
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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life

2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body The types and functions of human cells Organisation of cells The system of the human body and their functions 2.4 The Human Being a Complex Organism The human being a complex organism

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2.1 What is a Cell?

A cell is the basic unit of life Its function is to carry out life processes Its size too small and can only be seen with the help of a microscope

Cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?

Eyepiece Body tube Arm Coarse focus knob Fine focus knob Objective lens Stage Clip Diaphragm Mirror Part of a microscope
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Base

Functions of parts on a microscope

Parts of a microscope Function Magnify the specimen by 10 For holding the microscope

2.1 What is a Cell?

Eyepiece
Arm

Coarse focus knob Change the position of the objective lens when focusing with low-powered objective lens Fine focus knob Stage Base
Continue

Change the position of the objective lens slightly for fine focusing Place the glass slide Stabilize the microscope
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2.1 What is a Cell?

Functions of parts on a microscope
Part of microscope Mirror Function

Reflects light up through an opening in the stage to illuminate the specimen

Control the amount of light entering objective lens Hold the slide on the stage Align the position of the eyepiece with the objective lens Magnify the size of a specimen by 4, 10 or 40
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Diaphragm Clip Body tube Objective lens

2.1 What is a Cell?

General structure of animal cells and plant cells
Cell wall
Cell membrane

Nucleus Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Chloroplast
Animal cell Plant cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?

The functions of cell structures
Structures Cell membranes Cell wall Functions Controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell Supports and gives the cell a regular shape

Cytoplasm
Nucleus Vacuole

The place where chemical processes take place Controls all activities of the cell
Salt solution and sugar solution are stored here Carries out photosynthesis
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Chloroplast

2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms

Organisms that consist of only one cell Very tiny Only be seen under a microscope Live in wet places such as the sea, ponds and drains
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Have different body shapes Examples are Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium, Amoeba, Pleurococcus and yeast cell

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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms
Organisms that consist of many cell Examples Hydra, Mucor and Spirogyra

Hydra

Mucor
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Spirogyra
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body

The types and functions of human cells
Types of cells Functions

Muscle cell
Human sperm cell White blood cell Human egg cell Nerve cell Fat cell Red blood cell Bone cell

Enables movement
Male reproductive cell Protects the body against disease Female reproductive cell Sends nerve impulses Stores fat Carries oxygen to every part of body Forms bones
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body

Organisation of cells
Tissue Cell There are 200 types of cells in our body System Different organs working together to carry out a certain function form a system Cells of the same type that carry out the same function form a tissue

Organ Different tissues working together to carry out a certain function form an organ Organism Different system make up the whole organism
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body

The system of the human body and their functions
System Digestive system Functions To digest food so that it can be easily absorbed and used by the body Reproductive system To produce reproductive cells Nervous system Respiratory system To help the body respond to changes inside and outside the body To enable gaseous exchange to take place To carry oxygen and food to all parts of the body and waste substances to the kidneys
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Blood circulatory system

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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body

Systems of the human body and their functions
System
Skeletal system Excretory system Muscular system Lymphatic system Endocrine system

Functions
To support the weight of the body and protect soft organs To remove toxic substances from the body To help the body to move To defend the body against disease with the help of lymphocytes To produce hormones to control the bodys activities and development
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2.4 The Human Being ! A Complex Organism

A human being is a complex organism because human cells are organised into tissues, organs and systems Human cells are specialised. Cell specialisation helps divide body functions among the different types of cells Without the organisation of the cells, life processes cannot be carried out effectively
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The end

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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda Hidup

2.1 Apakah itu Sel? Apakah itu sel? Bahagian mikroskop Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan Fungsi struktur sel 2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel Organisma unisel Organisma multisel
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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda Hidup

2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia Organisasi sel Sistem badan manusia dan fungsinya 2.4 Manusia Organisma Kompleks Manusia organisma kompleks

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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Sel adalah unit asas benda hidup Fungsinya adalah untuk menjalankan proses kehidupan Saiznya adalah kecil dan boleh dilihat dengan bantuan mikroskop

Sel
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Kanta mata Tiub badan Gagang Pelaras kasar Pelaras halus Kanta objek

Pentas
Klip Diafragma Cermin Bahagian mikroskop
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Tapak

Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop

Bahagian mikroskop

2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Fungsi

Kanta mata
Gagang Pelaras kasar

Membesarkan spesimen 10
Memegang mikroskop Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek apabila mengfokus dengan kanta objek berkuasa rendah Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek bagi mendapatkan imej yang jelas Tempat letak slaid kaca Menstabilkan mikroskop
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Pelaras halus

Pentas
Tapak

2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
Bahagian mikroskop Cermin Fungsi Memantulkan cahaya ke arah kanta objek Mengawal jumlah cahaya yang memasuki kanta objek Memegang slaid pada pentas Melaraskan kedudukan kanta mata dengan kanta objek Membesarkan saiz specimen 4, 10 atau 40
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Diafragma Klip Tiub badan Kanta objek

2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Dinding sel Membran sel

Nukleus Sitoplasma

Vakuol

Kloroplas
Sel haiwan Sel tumbuhan
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?

Fungsi struktur sel
Struktur Membran sel Fungsi Mengawal pergerakan bahan yang masuk dan keluar dari sel Menyokong dan memberi bentuk yang tetap Tempat di mana proses kimia mengambil alih Mengawal semua aktiviti sel Larutan garam dan gula disimpan di sini Menjalankan fotosintesis
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Dinding sel
Sitoplasma Nukleus Vakuol Kloroplas

2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel

Organisma unisel
Organisma yang Mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza mengandungi satu sel sahaja Contohnya Euglena, Klamidomonas, Sangat halus Paramesium, Ameba, Hanya boleh dilihat Pleurokokus and yis dengan mikroskop Tinggal di tempat yang lembap seperti laut, kolam dan longkang
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2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel

Organisma multisel
Organisma yang mengandungi banyak sel Contoh Hidra, Mukor and Spirogira

Hidra

Mukor

Spirogira
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia

Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia Jenis-jenis sel Sel otot Fungsi Membolehkan pergerakan

Sel sperma manusia Sel pembiakan lelaki Sel darah putih Sel telur manusia Sel saraf Melindungi badan melawan penyakit Sel pembiakan perempuan Menghantar impuls saraf

Sel lemak
Sel darah merah Sel tulang

Menyimpan lemak
Membawa oksigen ke setiap bahagian badan Membentuk tulang
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia

Organisasi sel
Sel Tisu Sel sama jenis yang menjalankan fungsi yang sama dinamakan tisu

Terdapat 200 jenis sel dalam badan kita

Sistem Kumpulan organ yang bersamasama menjalankan fungsi tertentu dinamakan sistem

Organ Kumpulan tisu yang bersama-sama menjalankan fungsi tertentu dinamakan organ
Organisma Sistem yang berbeza-beza membentuk suatu organisma
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia

Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Sistem Sistem pencernaan Fungsi Mencerna makanan supaya mudah diserap dan digunakan oleh badan Menghasilkan sel pembiakan Membantu badan merangsang perubahan di dalam dan d luar badan Membolehkan pertukaran gas Membawa oksigen dan makanan ke semua bahagian badan dan bahan buangan ke ginjal
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Sistem pembiakan
Sistem saraf Sistem pernafasan Sistem peredaran darah

2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia

Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Sistem
Sistem rangka Sistem perkumuhuan Sistem otot Sistem limfa Sistem endokrin

Fungsi
Menyokong berat badan dan melindungi organ yang lembut Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh daripada badan Membantu badan bergerak Mempertahankan badan melawan penyakit Menghasilkan hormon untuk mengawal aktiviti badan dan pembangunan
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2.4 Manusia ! Organisma Komples

Manusia merupakan organisma kompleks kerana sel manusia tersusun kepada tisu, organ dan sistem Sel manusia adalah istimewa. Keisitmewaan sel ini membantu fungsi badan dalam kalangan pelbagai jenis sel Tanpa organisasi sel, proses kehidupan tidak akan berkesan

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tamat