"The most dangerous kind of waste is the waste we do not recognize." Shigeo Shingo
Customer
PUSH
Customer
PULL
Information Flow
Material Flow
Push System
Every worker maximizes own output, making as many products as possible Pros and cons:
Focuses on keeping individual operators and workstations busy rather than efficient use of materials Volumes of defective work may be produced Throughput time will increase as work-in-process increases (Littles Law) Line bottlenecks and inventories of unfinished products will occur Hard to respond to special orders and order changes due to long throughput time
Pull System
Production line is controlled by the last operation, Kanban cards control WIP Pros and cons
Controls maximum WIP and eliminates WIP accumulating at bottlenecks Keeps materials busy, not operators. Operators work only when there is a signal to produce. If a problem arises, there is no slack in the system Throughput time and WIP are decreased, faster reaction to defects and less opportunity to create defects
WHAT IT REQUIRES
WHAT IT ASSUMES
Stable environment
Employee participation
Industrial engineering/basics Continuing improvement Total quality control Small lot sizes
5
Kaizen
A Little History!
Ford: Design for manufacturing
Start with an article that suits and then study to find some way of eliminating the entirely useless parts. This applies to everything a shoe, a dress, a house, a piece of machinery, a railroad, a steamship, an airplane. As we cut out useless parts and simplify necessary ones, we also cut down the cost of making. ...But also it is to be remembered that all the parts are designed so that they can be most easily made."
A Little History!
Ohno put ideas into practice systematically
When bombarded with questions from our group on what inspired his thinking, Ohno just laughed and said he learned it all from Henry Ford's book."
Elimination of Waste
Muda
Elimination of Waste
1. 5S 2. Group technology
Minimizing Waste 5S
Good factories develop beginning with the 5Ss. Bad factories fall apart beginning with the 5 Ss. - Hirouki Hirano
Minimizing Waste 5S
A place for everything and everything in its place Not just a housekeeping issue Critical foundation for
Setup reduction Pull systems Maintenance Inventory management
Note how the flow lines are going back and forth
Saw Saw Saw Grinder Grinder
Heat Treat
Lathe
Lathe
Lathe
Press
Press
Press
Lathe
Press
Heat Treat
Lathe
Press
Cons
???
Requires discipline Requires good problem solving Suppliers or warehouses must be close Requires high quality
Paperwork backlog
Inspection backlogs
16
Jidoka
1,200
Uniform Jan. Units
4,300
Mar. Units
9,000
Total
3,000
3,000
9,000
These are small specialized plants that limit the range of products produced (sometimes only one type of product for an entire facility)
Keiretsu
TPS 4 Rules
1. 2. All work shall be highly specified as to content, sequence, timing, and outcome Every customer-supplier connection must be direct, and there must be an unambiguous yes-or-no way to send requests and receive responses
3. The pathway for every product and service must be simple and direct
4. Any improvement must be made in accordance with the scientific method, under the guidance of a teacher, at the lowest possible level in the organization
Lean Implementation
Total Quality Management Product Design Flow Process
Stable Schedule
Involved Suppliers
Kanban Pull