PRESENTATION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

BY
BRIG (Dr) B.K. KHANNA, SENIOR SPECIALIST (LCD) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

PREVIEW
1. Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India.

2. Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters.

3. Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters. 4. Disaster Management Cycle. 5. Hazard Vulnerability of India. 6. Disaster Management Act, 2005. 7. Charter and Vision of NDMA. 8. Organisation of NDMA. 9. National Disaster Response Force. 10. Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management. 11. Conclusion.

DISTURBING TRENDS OF DISASTERS AND

THEIR IMPACT ON INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS

ALASKA CHINA USA

JAPAN
INDONESIA INDIA

AREA-WISE EVENTS (1975-2001)

IMPACT OF MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MEASURES

ALASKA CHINA JAPAN INDONESIA INDIA

USA

DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTER (1975-2001)

GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses in US $ Billion
1960s 1970s
PERIOD

1980s

1990s

Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990-1999 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. 2. Losses 1995-1999 - Developed World 2.5% of GDP. - Developing World 13.4% of GDP.
*Source www.em-dat.net

LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES (>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA (2003 - 2005)
No of Earthquakes JAPAN Ten USA Seven Killed Injured Houses Destroyed Damaged

34
02

1048
59

> 496
>55

>3553
>235

MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005

YEAR 1991 1993 1997 1999 1999 2001 PLACES Uttarkashi Latur Jabalpur Chamoli Orissa Bhuj & DISASTER Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake S Cyclone Earthquake LOSS OF LIVES (APPROX) 2000 9500 200 2000 9887 14000 LOSS OF PROPERTY ( Rs Crore) (APPROX) 2000 6000 5000 2000 10000 13400

2004
2004 2005 2005 2005

SE India
Assam & Bihar J&K Mah, Guj, HP, Karnataka, TNadu J&K

Tsunami
Floods Avalanche Floods Earthquakes

15000
700 350 1569 1336 56542

10000
5000 100 10300 1000 64800

Total Losses of Major Disasters only

1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than 2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than

INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses in Thousand Crores

50 %

139 %

PERIOD

Annual- Impact on People 1. Losses in lives - 4334. 2. People affected - 30 Million. 3. Houses lost - 2.34 Million.

Annual- Financial Losses Percentage of Central Revenue (for relief) 12%.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASING NUMBER OF DISASTERS

Population Growth and Urban Development

Development Practices
Climatic changes Effect of Environmental degradation

POLAR ICE CAPS ARE MELTING FASTER THAN EVER

MORE AND MORE LAND IS BEING DEVASTATED BY DROUGHT RISING WATERS ARE DROWNING LOWLYING COMMUNITIES

VICIOUS CYCLE
BURNING FOSSIL FUELS AND BURNING FORESTS RELEASE CARBON INUNDATING LOW COASTAL AREAS

GLOBAL WARMING
MELTING POLAR ICE RAISES SEA LEVELS

REDUCES OXYGEN AND INCREASES DROUGHT

NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF DESTRUCTION.

LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE RECENT DISASTERS

HURRICANE KATRINA (US)

DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY
The countrys Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get overwhelmed. Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier things get, the fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty develops at crucial moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead.--- TIME, 19 September 2005
Hurricane Impact (Law & Order) Loss of Property and Lives

CHAOS

Early warning Response Preparedness Fed + State 24 State 48

Overwhelmed Federal 96 72 Response (Fed + State )

IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING STAGE.

BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE CYCLONES AREA COX BAZAAR
500,000

Losses of Lives

138,000

Even when Population had doubled

127111

1970 1991 1994 1997 Remarks 1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity. 2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response Mechanism.

Existed on Paper But, Enforcement Lacking.

Most Crucial Responder NOT Formally Part of Response Plan.

Technological Shortfall Many Lives Could have Been Saved.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

1. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should be Technology Driven. Weakness in Early Warning Systems and Dissemination of Information to Far Flung Areas. Decision to Provide Aid :(a) Slow because of Procedures. (b) Request from States not backed by Proper Assessment. States Organizations Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid. Disaster Response Resources at State Level Very Inadequate.

2.
3.

4. 5.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

6. 7. 8.
9.

Non Availability of Specialist Equipment, (Incl Mobile Field Hospitals). Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness Campaign a Must. Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS.

10.

Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Emergency Response

Disaster

Preparedness

Response/Relief

Prevention/ Mitigation

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction Post-disaster: recovery

WHAT IS A DISASTER?
DISASTER is an event which is -generally unpredictable, -happens instantly or without giving enough time to react -affecting a large number of people, -disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale devastation in terms of loss of life and property -always finding the administration and affected people struggling to respond in the desired manner and -leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic after effects which persist for a long time to come.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Natural, Man-made & Humaninduced

Disasters occur in varied forms Some are predictable in advance Some are annual or seasonal Some are sudden and unpredictable

Factors leading to a Disaster

Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or Environmental, Technological Etc.

NATURAL DISASTERS
Floods Earthquakes Cyclones Droughts Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest Fires, Avalanches etc

TIME DURATION OF NATURAL DISASTERS

Earthquakes Cyclones Floods Droughts

-> -> -> ->

Seconds/minutes Days Days Months

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

MITIGATION

RESPONSE

LONG TERM MEASURES

Risk Analysis

Prevention Structural Measures Non-Structural Measures

Preparedness
Warning and Evacuation

Rescue

Rehab Reconstruct. & Recovery

Vulnerability Analysis Hazard Assessment Risk Assessment

Relief
Note

Planning of Disaster Response

Being done efficiently Needs better Planning No Substantial Work done so far

HAZARD VULNERABILITY OF INDIA

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002

Zone V MM IX or more IV MM VIII III MM VII Zone II MM VI I MM V or less together now make Zone II MM VI or less Area under the zones V 12% IV 18% III ~27% Total damageable ~ 57%
IV

V IV V V III

III

WIND & CYCLONE HAZARD

ZONES IN INDIA

FLOOD HAZARD PRONE AREAS OF INDIA

LANDSLIDES ZONATION MAP OF INDIA

Severe Risk Area High Risk Area Moderate Risk Area Unlikely Occurrence

1
4

10
17 3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.

*Types:

Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005

In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in Preparedness, Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief and Rehabilitation and for adoption of a Holistic Pro-active Approach to Disaster Management, a NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has come into being by an Act of Parliament in December 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the Country.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

GOVT OF INDIA
PLANNING COMMISSION MHA

NDMA / NEC
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRE

CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL CALAMITIES HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

OTHER MINISTRIES/ DEPARTMENTS

ARMED FORCES

STATES/ UTs GOVTs

SDMAs
STATE DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

DEPARTMENT OF HOME

MINISTRIES/ DEPARTMENTS

HOME GUARD

POLICE

CIVIL DEFENCE

FIRE SERVICES

DISTRICTS
DDMAs
DEPARTMENTS HOME GUARD CIVIL DEFENCE

POLICE & FIRE SERVICES

COMMUNITY

LOCAL BODIES/ AUTHORITIES

COMMUNITY

CHARTER NDMA AND

VISION

CHARTER
1.

2.

The National Authority shall have the responsibility for laying down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster Management for ensuring Timely and Effective Response to disasters (Both Natural & Man Made). Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the Policy and Plans for Disaster Management.
Plan Approve Coord Monitor Ensure Implementation

3.

International Assistance and Cooperation.

VISION
The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive, Multi-hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM. This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness to generate, a prompt and efficient Response at the time of Disasters. The entire process will Centre-Stage the Community and will be provided Momentum and Sustenance through Collective efforts of all Government Agencies and NonGovernmental Organisations.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY

CHAIRMAN (PRIME MINISTER) VICE CHAIRMAN

CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL CALAMITIES

POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS

MR. K.M. SINGH MEMBER Mr B BHATTACHARJEE MEMBER Mrs. P.J RAO MEMBER LT. GEN. JRB MEMBER MR. M.K. MEMBER MR. M. S. REDDY MEMBER MR. NVC MENON MEMBER

SECRETARY NDMA

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

Financial Advisor Policies & Plans Mitigation & Preparedness International Cooperation Media & Public Preparedness

Finance

Accounts & Audits

Policies

Plans

Project Formulation & Preparedness

Project Monitoring

Media & Information

Community Preparedness

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC

NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING COMMUNICATIONS,SYS & KM

Operations & Logistics

Capacity Building
Strategic Planning & Policy

Communications

Systems & KM
Knowledge Management & IDRN Network

Control Room

Logistics

Coordina tion

Scenario Building

Operational Commns

Logistics Network

IT & Systems

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering effective response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC.
NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters. The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be deployed in anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response. It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations. They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be available to them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.

Four Training Centres have been set up by PMF to train their respective NDRF Battalions.
They will also meet the requirement of States/ UTs. NDRF Battalions will impart basic training to State Disaster Response Force in their respective locations.

NDRF BNS REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES (RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES
CHANDIGARH Bn GR. NOIDA Each PATNA (SSB) Bn GUWAHATI

KOLKATA GANDHINAGAR BHUBANESHWAR PUNE LATUR NAGPUR CHENNAI HYDERABAD

LEGEND
NDRF BNs/ RMRCs TRAINING CENTRES APEX TRAINING CENTRE

CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH

AND RESCUE TEAM

Team Commander (Inspector) 2 IC/ Ops Officer (Sub Inspector)
Medical Support Team (3)

Tech. Support (6)

Team A (6)

Team B (6)

Team C (6)

Team D (6)

Dog Squad (3)

Adm. Support Team (7)

Total 45 Personnel

CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR NBC EMERGENCIES

Team Commander (Inspector) Information Officer (Sub Inspector)
Tech. Support (4)

Dy Team Leader (Sub Inspector)

Rescue And Evacuation Team (6) Rescue and Evacuation Team (6)

Safety Officer (Sub Inspector)

Decontamination Team (6)

Detection & Assessment Cum Evacuation Team (6)

Medical Unit (6)

Adm. Support Team (7)

Total 45 Personnel

For Development to be Sustainable, Disaster Mitigation Must be Built Into

The Planning Process

EVERY DISASTER

MUST BE TREATED
AS AN OPPORTUNITY

TO BUILD BACK BETTER

TAKE IT IT TAKE ON ON

DONT PASS IT ON

HAZARD
A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment. Hazards are basically grouped in two broad headings:

Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or biological origin) Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological origin) Natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological, or geological, processes. A massive earthquake in an unpopulated area, is a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. But when these natural phenomena interact with the man made habitat, they may cause wide spread damage. Then, they become hazard

VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability is defined as "The extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area. Physical vulnerability weak buildings, bridges, service lines, lifeline structures, production units etc. Social & Economic vulnerability Human losses in disasters in developing countries are seen to be higher when compared to developed countries.

RISK
Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, economic activity etc) due to a hazard of a particular magnitude or Intensity occurring in a given area over a specific time period.

Exposure: the value and importance of the various types of structures and lifeline systems (such as water-supply, communication network, transportation network etc in the community serving the population)

HAZARD VULNERABILITYRISK DISASTER

LESSONS LEARNT HURRICANE KATRINA And any time you break that cycle of Preparing, Responding, Recovering and Mitigating, you are doomed to failure. And the policies and decision that were implemented by DHS put FEMA on a path to failure. -Michael Brown,Director,FEMA General 1. The Foremost Lesson - all Facets of Disaster Cycle should be under one Agency and not split among Multi-facet Authorities. Mitigation & Preparedness

2. States Sovereignty be maintained in all Phases of Disaster Cycle.

3. Creating Culture of Preparedness at Community level. 4. Integrated Approach (of the Civil and Military efforts) for Preparedness. Coopt Armed Forces in Disaster Response Plan. 5. Removal of Red Tapism and Bureaucratic Approach. US National Response Plan is elaborate but Failed to Deliver. Need to Rewrite Rationale Response Plan to include, conduct of mock drills periodically, state-of-the-art system in supply chain management of relief supplies and inventory tracking.

6.
7.

Training and Equipping of Central Response Force duly backed by trained teams from Armed Forces
Safe Houses . Identify shelters, for accommodating evacuees, both in Govt and Private Sector, during Emergencies.

8.
9.

Establishment of a Homeland Security University. On the lines of National Defence University, for General Awareness, Training and Research.
Use of Experts to find solutions to disaster related issues.

Communications 10. Failure within the DHS and in Communicating Relevant Information to Public, for Early Warning, resulting in all available Federal Assets not being utilised. Need to develop a more Comprehensive Emergency Communication System, to ensure Survivability, Operability, Inter-Operability and Redundancy. Response 11. Disaster Response Group at Central level to resolve disagreements on Employment of Resources. This Group should also act as Single Window Assistance Access for public. 12. Security of Assets by employing Local Law Enforcing Force for Law and Order.

13. Coordination, between:

(a)
(b) (c) (d) (e)

Search & Rescue and Medical Teams.

State and Central Response Teams Local (Distt), State and Central Response Teams, to have inter-operable Communication Network. At State level, Volunteer Coordinators in` State Emergency Operation Centre, for coordinating Volunteer Efforts, like Debris Clearance, etc.

Integrated Command at field level local Response Units (National Guards) and Active Duty Forces (ex Armed Forces) to work in tandem. Mobile Command Field Centre near disaster site (not 80 km away in Baton Rouge like during Katrina). 14. Need for National Emergency Operation Centre at DHS. DHS to have a National Emergency Operations Centre, in addition to White House Situation Room, regardless of whether President & the Secretary DHS are in same place, to maintain flow of information from one agency. 15. Integrated Response. Civil and military assets to be combined and employed as one resource and NOT in a graduated manner.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach.

2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National Developmental Programmes.

3. Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster. 4. Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and Capacity Building. 5. Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for Mass Education and Awareness. 6. Upgradation of the Key Responders.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts and States. 8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems. 9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response. 10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors. 11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods & Cyclones. 12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and International Level.

POLICY FORMULATION TEAM COMPOSTION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Concerned Member of Authority. Concerned Ministry Representative. Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments Representatives. Project Team (When Study ordered on the Subject). Advisors/Experts. Leading National (Academic IITs) Institutions.

Secretarial Support 7. Additional Secretary. 8. Joint Secretary Planning. 9. DDG Strategic Planning.